भारत के ग्रामीण गरीबों की वित्तीय जरूरतें इन परिवारों की अस्थिर, अनिश्चित और अनियमित आय धाराओं और व्यय पैटर्न को दर्शाती हैं। 2003 का हाल ही में पूरा हुआ विश्व बैंक-एनसीएईआर ग्रामीण वित्त पहुंच सर्वेक्षण (अब से आरएफएएस 2003 के रूप में संदर्भित)। इंगित करता है कि ग्रामीण परिवार मुख्य रूप से बहु-आय वाले परिवार हैं, उनकी आय के दो मुख्य स्रोतों में कृषि उत्पादों की बिक्री और मजदूरी श्रम शामिल हैं। अनियमित रोजगार मजदूरी से होने वाली आय का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत है। आय के एक से अधिक स्रोत वाले परिवारों

In this modern and competitive world, it is a big problem is hard to find time for physical activities. But all the people want to stay in perfect body structure. We all know about the importance of exercise in our daily life. Yoga is also simply, a seated training which is very beneficial for health and athletic ability. Regular yoga practice makes our body strong and flexible. Asana improves the stretching and relaxing ability of muscles and is very helpful for skeletal system of human body. T

योगसाधना अथवा योगाभ्यास का मुख्य आधार मानव-शरीर है। शरीर के द्वारा ही योगाभ्यासी साधक विभिन्न यौगिक क्रियाओं का अभ्यास करने में समर्थ हो सकता है । इसलिए योगाभ्यास या योगसाधना हेतु साधक के शरीर का स्वस्थ होना नितांत आवश्यक है। व्याधिग्रस्त अथवा अस्वस्थ शरीर के द्वारा योगाभ्यास का सम्पादन सम्भव नहीं है । यद्यपि यह तथ्य सही है कि योगशास्त्र की आधारभूत पृष्ठभूमि दार्शनिक विचारधारा से अनुप्राणित है और उसका सम्पूर्ण अन्तः और बाह्य कलेवर आध्यात्मिक दृष्टिकोण से परिवेष्टित है, जबकि स्वास्थ्य साधन अथवा

यह अध्ययन एक यादृच्छिक नियंत्रण परीक्षण (आरसीटी) की पृष्ठभूमि पर सेट किया गया है जिसमें बुजुर्ग आबादी के बीच स्वास्थ्य और कल्याण में सुधार पर योग/हल्के व्यायाम के प्रभावों का निरीक्षण करने के लिए हस्तक्षेप किया गया था। मध्य प्रदेश, भारत के उज्जैन जिले में गतिहीन व्यवहार के संबंध में योग/हल्के व्यायाम का अभ्यास करने वाले बुजुर्गों के अनुभव का पता लगाने के लिए आरसीटी हस्तक्षेप के हिस्से के रूप में एक अनुदैर्ध्य गुणात्मक अध्ययन आयोजित किया गया था। इस अध्ययन के लिए आरसीटी के प्रतिभागियों का चयन किया

भारत में कामकाजी महिलाओं की स्थिति शोध कार्य के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण खोज का विषय है भारत में कार्यशील महिलाओं में तीव्रता से परिवर्तन हुआ है उनकी विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में जैसे राजनैतिक, समाजिक, आर्थिक, धार्मिक, शैक्षणिक विधि सम्बन्धी स्थिति में परिवर्तन एवं प्रगति लाने के विविध प्रयास किए गए हैं। महिलाओं की स्थिति में प्राचीन काल से आज तक जो परिवर्तन हुए हैं एवं हो रहे हैं उस पर यदि विचार किया जाए तो यह आवश्यक भी हो जाता है कि उनकी हो रही प्रगति पर भी अनुसंधान कार्य किया जाए ताकि उनकी समस्याओं को समझक

सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला छायावाद के कवि हैं लेकिन उनकी सारी रचनाएँ लोकलुभावनवाद से घिरी हुई हैं। वह समाज को शोषण से मुक्त बनाना चाहते थे, क्या अन्याय और अत्याचार के लिए कोई जगह नहीं होनी चाहिए। वह समानता, स्वतंत्रता और न्याय के एक महान समर्थक थे और समाज में सभी स्तरों पर सामाजिक असमानता को समाप्त करना चाहते थे। स्वच्छंदता और क्रांति सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला के साहित्यिक चेतना के प्रेरक तत्व थे। कवि की साहित्यिक पृष्ठभूमि की चेतना के रूप में पत्नी की प्रेरणा का भी महत्ती योगदान हैं। निष्कर्षतः

Green synthesis of nanoparticles has many potential applications in environmental and biomedical fields. Green synthesis aims in particular at decreasing the usage of toxic chemicals. For instance, the use of biological materials such as plants is usually safe. Plants also contain reducing and capping agents. Here we present the principles of green chemistry, and we review plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles and their recent applications. Nanoparticles include gold, silver, zinc oxide

In a natural language text, a word can occur with different lexical tags in different contexts. First step in all natural language applications is to get the accurate syntactic category of each word in a sentence based on its role in the text. This is also called part of speech tagging (POST). There are different approaches for assigning a part of speech (POS) tag to each word of a natural language sentence. Broadly the classification of approaches can be done as Rule based, Statistical based an

Gender-based poverty and inequality are significant issues in India, a developing country with a patriarchal social structure. Women face numerous barriers to social and economic advancement, including limited access to education, employment, and healthcare. Poverty also affects women disproportionately, with female-headed households being more likely to be living in poverty. This research paper provides an overview of the relationship between gender, poverty, and inequality in the Indian contex

The word ‘miniature’ is taken from the Latin word “minium” which means ‘small’ in size. Earlier the term minium was used in manuscripts as miniaturizing pigment, its name being miniature. Miniature Art Societies and the Royal Miniature Society, such as the World Federation of Miniatures (WFM), draw attention to the applicable definition of the term. The history of Indian miniature paintings is several centuries old and it has a distinct identity on the global art forum. In the Indian miniature painting style, along with the religious and cultural form here, spiritual contemplation and meditation have been painted in a very beautiful manner. We can trace the past roots of the ancient Indian miniature painting tradition to the many centuries-old Buddhist paintings that flourished under the patronage of the kings of the Pala dynasty and engraved on palm leaf manuscripts. The new painting style that was born in India in the form of Pal miniature painting, its expansion continued to progres

Background: Presently, overweight and obesity is a problem for both developed as well as developing countries. Obesity nutritional status is associated with body fat levels. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the association between waist circumference, hip circumference and the waist hip ration with body fat percentage among young females of Kanpur, India. Method: After initial assessment, weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, and triceps girth was documented in 40 female p

Autologous blood transfusion (ABT) has been gradually attracting more attention due to the increasingly prominent problem of blood transfusion safety and blood shortage in recent years. With the rapid development of blood conservation techniques, blood component separation technology, blood transfusion medicine and a constant increase in clinical needs, ABT technology has been expanded and innovated to a large degree.Due to the steadily growing issue of blood transfusion safety and blood scarcit

Alcohol abuse is a worldwide problem causing serious physical, psychological, social and economic consequences. Craving is a subjective experience of desiring, needing or longing for the euphoric or sedative properties of a drug. Alcohol craving presents as an irresistible urge to drink or as intense thoughts about alcohol (ICD-10, 1992). Relapse is defined as the time that elapses between a point in time (e.g., baseline, end of treatment) and the occurrence of a relapse episode. Various drugs h

Abstract: Hepatitis, a major global health concern, is characterized by inflammation of the liver, predominantly caused by viral infections. This review article provides an in-depth analysis of the various types of hepatitis (A, B, C, D, and E), highlighting their etiology, transmission, and risk factors. We discuss the clinical features, diagnostic methods, and the latest advancements in molecular diagnostics for accurate and timely detection. Furthermore, the article explores treatment options

Time is a inevitable resource so it is necessary to create an inventory of time so as to get an insightful way to learn how time is to be spent effectively and efficiently. It is important task as it is non re- occurring in nature . We all on this Earth are gifted with the same time , some use it efficiently and others waste it. So, one should learn to value time as once gone, never comes back again. Age by age from being kid to become an adult an individual sense time management and internal

Monoliths, also known as structured catalyst reactors, have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their advantages of conventional packed bed and stirred tank reactors. Monoliths have been coated with various catalytic materials, including metals, oxides, and zeolites, making them versatile and adaptable for a wide range of reactions. The application of such reactors is studied for two reactions – disproportion of toluene in a zeolite coated monolith two-phase plug flow reactor and

Light regulates many aspects of plant growth and development, among which the conversion of etiolated leaves to photosynthetic competent green leaves (greening) is the most critical well-documented developmental process requiring light signals. Blue light responses are evolutionary among the most ancient and diverse light regulatory phenomena. Many such reactions in algal, bacterial, or fungal systems show action spectra consistent with a flavin chromophore, with activity peaks in the near UV

Metagenomic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of microbial communities in various ecosystems. These techniques involve the sequencing and analysis of DNA directly extracted from environmental samples, allowing for the study of microbial diversity and function without the need for cultivation. Systems microbiology is an interdisciplinary field that aims to understand the behavior and interactions of microorganisms at the systems level. Metagenomic approaches have been used to explo

A well known space charge analysis is employed for the analysis of defect density at various light illumination time and quantitatively found light induced defects in a-Se90Sb6Ag4 thin films. The outcomes show that density of defect states (DOS) raises with illumination time. A suitable explanation is given for light induced defects creation in this sample.

The concept of freedom is a subject of interest for various theorists in jurisprudence and political philosophy. This paper seeks to explain the notion of freedom and the relationship of freedom with the state. Theories of freedom by thinkers such as Locke, Marx, Hegel and Nozick form the bedrock of this paper. The focus, however, is on Nozick’s concept of distributive justice and his case against taxation. India’s progressive taxation is discussed in this regard, and the feasibility of Nozick’s

Waste is anything useless or unwanted, that has no sufficient value or of negligible uses (Harold, 2002). It may include any solid, liquid, or gaseous material. The major waste from households is ‘solid waste’. Solid waste may include any solid or semi-solid material that is being discarded from our houses daily. Every day, a huge quantity of waste is generated in all the developed and developing countries (Moqsud, 2003). In rapidly growing cities of the developing world, urban solid waste mana

Mutual Fund is a mechanism of pooling together the savings of a large number of small investors for collective investment with the common objective of providing attractive yields and capital appreciation, safety of holdings and liquidity as the primary parameters. The money thus collected is then invested in capital market instruments such as shares, bonds, money market instruments and/or other securities. The proposed study to describe the concept, history, types and mutual fund asset class in

The wire electro-discharge machining process is a non-traditional machining technique that utilizes electro-thermal energy to achieve precision and accuracy when machining hard and electrically conductive materials such as matrix composite metals, aluminium, and titanium alloy. Biocompatible materials, particularly titanium alloy, require a high level of surface quality to ensure compatibility, necessitating an improvement in machined surface quality. Our investigation explores the impact of mac

Alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH (EC.1.1.1.1) is a zinc based metalloenzyme which catalyses the reduction of aldehydes and ketones to primary and secondary alcohols. These enzymes utilizes β-1,4-nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide (NAD+) or β-1,4-nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) as an electron acceptors. Alcohol dehydrogenases are exquisitely stereospecific; and by binding their substrate via a three-point attachment site. Details of structural and functional features of ADH have been d

Many Trichoderma species are used as biological fungicides and biofertilizers to enhance crop growth. The biocontrol activity may result from space competition, mycoparasitism, or an antibiosis involving a chemical diffusate. This study demonstrated that in addition to mycoparasitism, VOCs play a significant role in Trichoderma cerinum and T. harzianum ability to combat pathogenic fungi. Our findings showed that T. cerinum Gur1 non-volatile and volatile compounds performed better than T. harzia

Targeted Drug Delivery system is often referred to as smart drug delivery. Targeted drug delivery is a technique for giving a patient medication in a way that elevates the concentration of the drug in specific areas of the body over others. By concentrating the medicine in the target tissues while lowering its relative concentration in the non-target tissues, targeted drug delivery aims to increase the concentration of the drug in the target tissues. The decrease in dosage and adverse effects of

A proven technology that has made a substantial contribution to pharmaceutical treatment globally is transdermal medication delivery. Significantly, a new chemical entity was recently produced and licenced for transdermal administration without having first been administered as an injectable or oral dosage form. Since 1980, this industry has shown whopping progress with numerous commercial victories. The current paper discusses the choice of drug candidates and polymers suitable for formulation

The art and craft of India are to die for but some of them are dyeing instead. The traditional art form of ‘Rogan Painting’ from Kutch in Gujarat region of India, began deteriorating from collective memory of its originators, but family members of the Khatri ancestry in ‘Nirona’, are the ultimate surviving protector of the this art form. Traditionally, this art-form was made up to enhance ‘bridal clothing’ of the native tribes, alluring borders, & flowery motifs, on ghagras, odhni and bead sprea

Solar cells are an essential component in the process of transitioning the energy systems of the globe away from the use of fossil fuels and toward the use of renewable technologies. This movement is being driven by the goal of reducing the world's reliance on nonrenewable sources of energy. This shift is currently under way and will be completed over the course of the following several decades. The overall amount of energy that comes from the sun is many thousands of times greater than the amou

Since the dawn of culture, India has maintained a magnificent heritage of hospitality, based on human kindness and fellow-feeling. Indian culture and religions, for centuries now, have imbibed mutual respect, concern, pardon and forgiveness for humans, animals and even Nature. There exists etiquette in every culture of receiving guests and hosting; but, it reached an artistic divinity in India in the Vedic culture that flourished some fifty centuries ago. In ancient Indian culture, guest was equ

We provide a novel Bayesian modelling framework that may be used for both functional and time series data. Even though it has a wide range of applications, the methodology focuses on the difficult cases in which (1) Functional data demonstrate additional dependence, such as time dependence or contemporaneous dependence; (2) Functional or time series data demonstrate local features, such as jumps or rapidly changing smoothness; and (3) A time series of functional data is observed sparsely or i

Supply Chain Management (SCM) Even though it is essential for the continued existence of businesses and the faultless execution of the tasks that firms carry out, the idea of resilience is not well understood by most people. Nevertheless, it is essential for both of these things. As a direct consequence of this fact, a number of distinct understandings of the term may be discovered in a variety of published works. There are a great number of people in the academic world who are of the opinion th

भारत में बहुत से महापुरुषों ने जन्म लिया है उनमें से ही एक महान गणितज्ञ श्रीनिवास रामानुजन थे, इन्हें बीसवीं सदी के महानतम गणितज्ञ के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, आर्कमिडीज एवं आर्यभट्ट को जहां भारतीय गणित का जनक माना जाता है वही रामानुजन को गणित का जादूगर वह जीनियस कहा जाता है तथा इनकी तुलना महान वैज्ञानिक न्यूटन से भी की जाती है । बाल अवस्था से ही गणित में विशेष रूचि रखते हुए जीवन भर में कई प्रमेय एवं सिद्धांतों का प्रतिपादन किया तथा बहुत से मौलिक और एक अपारंपरिक परिणाम निकालें। रामानुजन ने गणिती

About half of the photosynthesis on earth is performed by the widespread group of photosynthetic organisms known as algae. Numerous different types of creatures fall under the umbrella name "alga." They can be either tiny, single-celled microalgae or bigger, more complicated macroalgae with many cells. They can be found all over the world in a variety of situations, including freshwater and marine habitats. Microalgae are autotrophic microorganisms that use light energy and inorganic nutrients t

Floods are the world's most frequent and devastating natural hazards, wreaking havoc on human life and the environment (Berz et al., 2001; Sanyal and Lu, 2004). It is a powerful geomorphic agent that brings about significant changes on the surface of earth. Similarly, a large number of surficial earth processes are affected by floods. Milly et al. (2002), Bronstert (2003) and Christensen and Christensen (2003) have revealed that frequent floods occur due to land use changes worldwide, while Jonk

This research investigates the implications of smart additive manufacturing (SAM), which is also known as smart three-dimensional (3D) printing, for industrial production logistics and inventory management as well as for digital supply chains (DSCs) and digital value chains (DVCs). The research is conducted within the context of Industry 4.0. The fourth industrial revolution is frequently referred to as "Industry 4.0." This transformation has given rise to the development of new digital technolo

David Herbert Lawrence (1885-1930) was born at Eastwood, Nottinghamshire. He was the son of a miner and was educated at Nottingham University College where he qualified as a teacher. He taught at Croydon till 1913, when he had to resign because of his illness. Henceforth, he devoted himself to literature. He wrote poetry, but it is for his novels, mostly autobiographical, that he came into prominence. His personal experience which went into the formation of his novels is in itself an indication

There is a long history of simulating dynamic biological processes with mathematical models. Quantitative methods have also been used in cancer research within the last few decades. A growing array of mathematical, somatic, computational, and manufacturing methods have stood used to study different facets of tumour growth, by the eventual objective being to comprehend how the cancer inhabitants reacts to therapeutic involvement. The so-called "in silico trials," which forecast a patient's indiv

Blended learning is an instructional methodology that combines face-to-face classroom methods with computer-mediated activities, integrating synchronous and asynchronous learning tools. It requires both students and teachers to be physically located in the same space, but digital tools can be used by students to control learning speed. Blended learning allows students to learn at their own pace and ability level, allowing them to access education from anywhere, anytime. This flexible approach al

Concentration of fluoride in drinking water should be within permissible limit as prescribed by organizations like ICMR, WHO, BIS. Potable water containing high concentration of fluoride ions causes fluorosis and mottling of teeth. Fluoride ions enter in ground water from geological formation. The absence or very low concentration of fluoride ions causes mottling of children’s teeth. So it is very crucial to find out the fluoride content ion in water used for drinking purposes. In present study,

समाजसुधारक के रूप विख्यात संत काव्यधारा के प्रमुख कवि कबीर का नाम हिन्दी साहित्य में बडे़ आदर के साथ लिया जाता है। कबीर समाज सुधारक पहले तथा कवि बाद में है। उन्होने समाज में व्याप्त रूढ़ियों तथा अन्धविश्वासों पर करारा व्यंग्य किया है। उन्होने धर्म का सम्बन्ध सत्य से जोड़कर समाज में व्याप्त रूढ़िवादी परम्परा का खण्डन किया है। कबीर ने मानव जाति को सर्वश्रैष्ठ बताया है

There is no justification for handling an important educational event like attendance in the antiquated, tedious manner in the age of rapidly advancing current technologies. Both the pupils and the class teachers will benefit greatly from the time and energy savings provided by the attendance monitoring system. The face recognition algorithm will keep track of attendance by identifying each student's face apart from the other objects and marking them as present. All of the students' photographs

This paper presents a multiband MIMO antenna based on meander lines with an L-shaped metallic strip. A monopole antenna with many short-circuited transmission line sections acts as an inductor, altering the impedance characteristics of the antenna; this arrangement is referred to as a meander line. 69% of the antenna size was reduced with the use of a line slot DGS (Defective Ground Structure) to reduce the mutual interaction between the antenna components and the insertion of two U slots on the

The Non Line of Sight (NLOS) broadband wireless access provided by Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is susceptible to the effects of several factors, including multipath propagation, diffraction fading, vegetation attenuation, shadowing loss, and more, when operating in the 2-11 GHz frequency range. You must implement fading mitigation techniques to avoid these effects. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Multiple Inputs and Outputs (OFDM-MIMO) is a useful tech

Online tests are becoming increasingly popular in the modern digital era, particularly among students and job seekers. It stresses how firms may effectively and actually recruit workers and assess competitors' abilities by utilizing on the web test locales. The research paper aims to investigate the usefulness and efficacy of an online exam hiring portal designed to assist businesses in finding qualified applicants for open positions. The standard recruiting system, which involves ability assess

We introduce a mechanism about web service gateway which are present in web sites. In future the business to business market exists through the internet e- business. In this process we are try to solve a problem that already present information sources in current internet environment. Websites were developed for the help of users but they are not understand machine language. To reduce this gap we use a system to remove existing presentation- orientated websites. Initially web Service Gateway d

The structure of Criminal Justice system consists of the four main pillars namely, investigation by Police, Prosecution of case by the Prosecutors, determination of guilt by the Courts and finally the correction through prisons system. Article 246 of the Constitution of India places the police, public order, courts, prisons, reformatories, borstal and other allied institutions in the State List.

Capital punishment or death penalty have always been a topic of contradiction not only in India but also in several developed countries. In India, the motive for providing punishment is based on two aspects; the first being that the offender should suffer for the pain and injury he/she casted upon the victim and another motive is to discourage others from committing wrongs by sanctioning punishments. This paper focuses on Capital Punishment in India which is also known as the death penalty which

Library and information science(s) or studies (LIS) is an interdisciplinary field of study that deals generally with organization, access, collection, and protection/regulation of information, whether in physical (e.g. art, legal proceedings, etc.) or digital forms. It is the reservoir of knowledge. It is a place where one can carry out his intellectual activities of various types. In this paper, various areas where one can carry out intellectual tasks in library are discussed.

“Victimology” is a scientific study of sufferance of victims due to crime. It is now a growing branch. Students of Victimology study as to how justice should be provided to the victim of crime. It formulates the methods to determine compensation for the crime victim. It also provides remedies to the victim if compensation is not paid. For the purpose of rehabilitation, reparation of the victim or his legal heirs as the case may be, the Courts have felt it necessary to pay compensation. Merely b