तुलसी ने जिस समाज में जन्म लिया, जिन परिस्थितियों को झेला, उनसे उनकी वैचारिक मनःस्थिति पर बहुत गहरा प्रभाव पड़ा और आगे चलकर इसी से उनकी रचना धर्मित का स्वरूप और उनकी समाज को देखने की दृष्टि निर्धारित हुयी । विचार परिवेश में कल्पना और तर्क के सहयोग से मनुष्य अपनी समस्याओं को हल करने में विचार का प्रयोग करता है। यदि मनोविज्ञान का आश्रय लिया जाय तो विचार वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें हम पुराने अनुभव को वर्तमान समस्याओं के हल करने के काम में लगाते हैं। और इस परिभाषा की दृष्टि से विचार की पहुँच वर्तमान काल के साथ साथ भूतकाल और भविष्यकाल तक होती है। विचार में एक गुण पाया जाता है कि - विचार उस लक्ष्य की प्राप्ति में या समस्या के समाधान में हमारी सहायता करते हैं। समाधानों के उपायों की खोज होने लगती है। तत्पश्चात् पूर्व निरीक्षित और पूर्व परीक्षित अनुभवों की स्मृतियाँ हमारे मस्तिष्क में कौंधने लगती हैं। अतः स्पष्ट है कि समस्या की उपस्थिति की दशा में साहित्य में विचार की भी वही प्रक्रिया है जो व्यवहारिक जगत में सामान्य रुप से अपनाई जाती है।

मध्यमिका स्तर के किशोरियों के स्कूलो में प्रभावी शिक्षा मुख्य मार्गदर्शन और परामर्श की एक महतवापुराण भूमिका निभाती है, ये छात्रों को सहायता और सहयोग प्रदान करता है।जिससे उन्हें अपना शैक्षिक, सामाजिक भावना और व्यक्तित्व कौशल विकास करने में मदद मिलती है। जिसे शैक्षिक उपलब्धि व्यक्तिगत विकास और समग्र कल्याण में सुधार होता है।

Aravind Adiga’s Last Man in Tower delves into the complexities of identity and social mobility in contemporary urban India. Set in a Mumbai apartment complex, the novel offers a nuanced portrayal of the intersection between personal aspirations, class dynamics, and the changing landscape of the city. This paper explores how Adiga presents the challenges of social mobility through the characters’ desires to rise above their given circumstances while grappling with issues of corruption, power, and ethical compromise. The protagonist, Masterji, becomes entangled in a moral struggle as he navigates the tension between his ambitions and his community’s identity. By analyzing the socio-political environment depicted in the novel, the paper examines how Adiga critiques the rigid class structures that hinder social progress and shape individual identities. The study further investigates the role of materialism, ethics, and social pressure in influencing the choices of the characters, highlighting the fragility of social mobility in a society where class divisions are deeply entrenched. The paper argues that Adiga’s work provides a critical commentary on the complexities of urban life, where personal aspirations often collide with larger social forces, ultimately questioning the notion of upward mobility in a rapidly modernizing society.

After oral administration, piroxicam, a long-acting, powerful nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAID), has limited bioavailability due to its extremely low solubility in gastrointestinal (GI) fluids. The goal of the current study was to develop and assess piroxicam-containing fast-dissolving oral films in order to address issues with solubility and bioavailability and improve patient convenience for both elderly and pediatric patients. Method: Piroxicam and α-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes were made. To determine the ratio with the best dissolving rate, an in vitro dissolution study was conducted. Using sodium CMC/chitosan as film-forming agents and sodium starch glycolate/crospovidone as super disintegrating agents, the chosen inclusion complex was then used to create fast-dissolving oral films via the solvent casting method. Plasticizer PEG 400 is utilized. Formulations (F1–F12) were made and their physicochemical characteristics assessed. Studies on disintegration, dissolution, and penetration were also conducted in vitro. Results: The in vitro disintegration time was lowest for formulation F2 (14.94±3.06 s) and highest for formulation F9 (36.66±1.05 s). Better drug release was demonstrated by formulations F6 and F4, with respective rates of 94.4% and 92.9%. In 40 seconds, the formulation F6 produced better drug penetration of 96.65%. In comparison to the traditional preparations, the study found that the fast dissolving films exhibited a faster commencement of effect. The formulation was shown to have the potential to improve therapeutic efficacy.

With an emphasis on their resilience in arid and semi-arid conditions, this study investigates climate adaptation in medieval Indian stepwells. The study examines the materials and building practices that allowed these structures to survive high temperatures and water scarcity using cutting-edge techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results provide insights for contemporary climate-resilient architecture and conservation tactics by highlighting the usage of sustainable materials and adaptive designs.

Emotional marketing has become a vital strategy for brands aiming to establish deep consumer connections and foster long-term loyalty in the digital age. By appealing to emotions such as happiness, nostalgia, trust, and excitement, brands create meaningful relationships that influence purchasing behavior and brand perception. Digital platforms, including social media, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics, have revolutionized emotional marketing by enabling personalized and immersive brand experiences. Companies like Apple, Nike, and Coca-Cola have successfully built strong emotional connections through storytelling and value-driven branding. However, ethical concerns arise regarding emotional manipulation and authenticity, as consumers increasingly demand genuine engagement. Cultural and generational differences further necessitate adaptive marketing strategies. As technology advances, the future of emotional marketing will integrate AI-driven personalization and emotional recognition, ensuring brands remain relevant and emotionally resonant. Ultimately, emotional marketing remains a key driver of brand loyalty, shaping consumer relationships in an ever-evolving digital landscape.

The current competitive industry requires small-scale manufacturing industries to optimize workforce performance for achieving higher productivity and sustainable practices. The study conducts a systematic assessment of strategic competency mapping as a means to enhance performance results for small-scale manufacturing businesses in Nagpur. Organizational goals together with employee competency identification processes and competency assessment create operational efficiency that generates business growth. The research uses a combined quantitative survey data and qualitative interview methodology to analyze competency frameworks together with skill gaps alongside their relationship to performance metrics. The adoption of formal competency mapping systems creates multiple benefits which improve employee performance alongside organizational performance metrics as well as enabling precise training programs and better job-role blending and talent management strategies. The research demonstrates essential obstacles that prevent small-scale businesses from implementing competency frameworks yet recommends productive methods to overcome those barriers. This research promotes workforce optimization studies together with specific guidelines that help government leaders and manufacturing industry directors and human resources professionals in their work.

Distance education has played a pivotal role in democratizing education, particularly in states like West Bengal with diverse socio-economic challenges. This paper explores the historical evolution of distance education in West Bengal, analyzing its growth trajectory, institutional frameworks, and key policy initiatives. Further, it examines current challenges and future directions to enhance its effectiveness. The study leverages historical data, policy reviews, and case studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of this transformative educational model.

Super generic is the general form of nomenclature for hybrid medicinal product in European Union, which is coined suitably in different regulatory authorities. The Super generic form of the medicinal product is one that considers changes in the form of active substance, therapeutic indications, strength, pharmaceutical form or route of administration. They rely partly of results of pre-clinical tests and clinical trials of a reference / innovator product and some part on new data with appropriate bioavailability and bioequivalence studies. Marketing authorization for Super generics in European Union can be obtained through registration procedures like Centralized, Decentralized, Mutual recognition and national procedure. Additional studies like pharmacokinetics, preclinical and clinical studies are conducted as required by the changes that are made in the Super generic product compared to the innovator product. Antacid Orally Disintegrating Tablets as a part of Super generics have gained considerable attention since last decade. This mode of administration is expected to be beneficial to pediatric, geriatric patients, people with impaired swallowing and psychiatric patients. These products have a significant impact on exhausting marketing authorization trend of conventional dosage forms. In an effort to develop drug products that are more convenient to use and address potential issues of patient compliance, Super generic ODTs have been developed and with the acceptance by wide range of patients the market for these dosage forms are promising.

Ayurveda is one of the traditional medicinal systems of India. It is known as the “Mother of All Healing”. World Health Organisation estimated that 80% of the world’s inhabitants still rely mainly on traditional medicines for their health care. The titled study is to evaluate and confirm the CNS activities of experimental animal models. Aswhagandharishta (AA) is a herbo-mineral formulation consisting of 20 plants some of which are Medhyarasayanas. It has been claimed to be useful in treating central nervous system disorders. The animal models selected were tests for anti-convulsant activity, anti- inflammatory activity, anti-depressant activity, analgesic activity, anti-pyertic activity and learning and memory parameters. The study entails that polyhedral formulation of Ashwagandharishta has highly significant anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, anti-depressant activity, analgesic activity, anti-pyretic activity and learning and memory parameters. It was concluded that the Ashwagandharishta (AA) at a high dose (0.4 ml/Kg) have anticonvulsant, antidepressant activity, anti- inflammatory activity, anti-pyertic activity and analgesic activity whereas the low dose (0.2ml/Kg) have a sedative effect.

An opioid receptor agonist and acts on the muopioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines; it works specifically by decreasing the activity of the myenteric plexus which decreases the motility of the circular and longitudinal smooth muscles of the intestinal wall. Loperamide Hydrochloride is a synthetic antidiarrheal indicated for the control and symptomatic relief of acute nonspecific diarrhea and of chronic diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease. So an attempt was made to mask the taste and to formulate into fast dissolving tablet by direct compression. Loperamide Hydrochloride should be administrated orally once or twice daily for a total daily dosage of 2mg to 16mg according to the age and condition of the patient. In this investigation fast dissolving tablet were prepared by using super disintegrating agent: crosscaremellose sodium, crospovidon and sodium starch gycolate in concentration 10%, 15% and 20%. Sweeteners and flavors were used to enhance the organoleptic properties of tablet. Tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. Prepared tablets were evaluated for thickness, uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, wetting time, in-vitro disintegration time, drug content and in vitro drug release. Disintegration time and drug release were taken as the basis to optimize the fast dissolving tablet. All the formulations were evaluated for the influence of disintegrates and their concentrations on the characteristics of fast dissolving tablet mainly in terms of disintegration time and dissolution studies. The disintegration time of all formulation showed less than 39 seconds. Among the three superdisintegrants used, Crospovidon showed less disintegrating time followed by crosscarmellose sodium and sodium starch gycolate. The relative efficiency of different superdisintegrants to improve the drug rate of tablets was in order, crospovidon> Crosscarmellose sodium >sodium starch gycolate.

A simple, specific and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of linagliptin and empagliflozine in tablet dosage forms. Chromatography was performed through kromosil (250 x 4.6 mm, 5) and isocratic elution. Mobile phase containing buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of 70:30 was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Buffer used in this method was 0.1% OPA buffer with pH 4.8 adjusted by triethylamine maintained with a temperature of 30°C. Optimized wavelength for linagliptin and empagliflozine was 286 nm. Retention time of linagliptin and empagliflozine were found to be 1.920 min and 3.699 min respectively. %RSD of the linagliptin and empagliflozine were 1.0 and 0.94 respectively. All the validation parameters were in the acceptable range. Simultaneously this method applied to determine the degradation products of linagliptin and empagliflozine. The detection wavelength of 286 nm was chosen in order to achieve high sensitivity for quantitative determination of these drugs in solid dosage form. Method can be successfully employed for simultaneous estimation of these drugs in commercial products.

The most serious ADRs lead to hospitalization, and hospital stays can lead to further ADRs. Hence, HCPs and hospitals can play a significant role in minimizing ADR-related morbidity and mortality. HCPs can play multiple roles by carefully reviewing the full patient history, particularly the drug allergy and drug-drug interaction history, to avoid any unwanted ADRs. In addition, reporting ADRs to the responsible office at their hospital or the regulatory authority is a pharmacovigilance approach that can be used to minimize ADRs because reporting ADRs can increase HCPs’ awareness of reactions, which could result in the avoidance of particular drugs, thus reducing the harm associated with reactions to particular drugs. Several drugs have been withdrawn from the market as a result of HCPs reporting ADRs. However, understanding the knowledge and practice of health care professionals regarding ADR reporting is very important for enhancing the reporting of ADRs. Therefore, the present study is undertaken to determine the current status of ADR reporting and also to investigate knowledge and attitude of particularly nursing staffs towards pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting.

The terms rare disease and Orphan Disease are often used interchangeably. In USA any disease that effects less than 200,000 people is termed as a rare disease. Rare diseases are often misdiagnosed due to lack of adequate history and patient population. These diseases generated little interest with pharmaceutical companies, researchers, and clinical experts historically due to uncertainty of cost recovery as treated population is low. As a result, research, and development activities as well as investments on these drugs were less. Lack of financial incentive, high cost of development and unclear roadmap of cost recovery resulted in rare disease drugs being neglected from both development and marketing perspective. National Institutes of Health (NIH) has estimated that between 25–30 million citizens in the United States of America (USA) are suffering from at least one out of around 7000 rare diseases. It has been found that there was no clear health policy and experts in these fields were very less. These two factors caused late diagnosis and poor access to proper healthcare for people suffering from these diseases. Only a few experts caused misdiagnosis and unwillingness of patients to get treated due to associated costs caused fragmented information around the natural history of rare diseases.

This investigation successfully developed and characterised a new transethosomal gel formulation including Curcumin longa extract for improved topical therapeutic use, demonstrating its efficacy as a promising option in controlling effective topical delivery system with potential applications in treating skin-related ailments and infections. The key goals were to optimise the formulation to maximise drug delivery efficiency, stability, and release profile, while also ensuring that the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients worked well together. By undertaking extensive pre-formulation and characterisation tests, this study demonstrates the potential of transethosomal technology to overcome bioavailability and stability difficulties often associated with herbal extracts. Curcumin longa L was examined for excipient compatibility, organoleptic characteristics, solubility, melting point, and other key features prior to formulation. FTIR and DSC investigations confirmed that there was no conflict between the API and the excipients, indicating that the formulation is stable and suitable. The solubility investigation indicated that Curcumin longa L was easily soluble in chloroform, acetone and practically insoluble in water which helped to generate the transethosomes. These exploratory investigations provided the basis for developing a stable transethosomal complex that enhances the therapeutic potential of Curcumin longa L extract.The optimisation phase used a 33- response surface methodology to identify the optimal concentrations of phospholipid, ethanol and edge activator for maximal entrapment efficiency and particle size reduction. The optimised transethosomal formulation had an outstanding entrapment effectiveness of 68.70% and a particle size of 270.2nm and PDI 0.352. TEM investigation validated the spherical form of transethosomes, which is required for improved absorption and adhesion to topical tissues. The formulation's zeta potential of -16.6 mV revealed high stability, which is advantageous for the delivery system's long-term integrity.

Abstract Leadership is the working component of any organization,it is the nerve cell for organization to exist,function,progress and flourish by utilizing human and material resources effectively.Hence the study of leadership particularly in the healthcare sector is very important to bring about quality service delivery both in private and public sector.Health care leaders will have tremendous impact on the lives of many people around the globe.In any industry where the focus needs to be an optimal medical care at all times,one of the most important factors is effective leadership.when effective leadership is present in healthcare setting,medical teams consistently delivers high quality services and patient care.

The integration of virtual avatars in educational environments has garnered significant attention as a means to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes. This paper examines the role of virtual avatars in high school settings, exploring their potential benefits and challenges. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and case studies, we analyze how virtual avatars influence student motivation, participation, and academic performance. The findings suggest that when effectively implemented, virtual avatars can serve as powerful tools to create immersive and interactive learning experiences, thereby fostering deeper engagement and improved educational outcomes.

किसी भी देश का भविष्य उसकी वर्तमान शिक्षा प्रणाली तथा उसकी नीति, योजनाओं पर निर्भर रहता है, विश्व में प्रत्येक देश सबसे ज्यादा आशंकित और महत्वकांक्षी अगर किसी क्षेत्र के प्रति होता है तो वह उस देश की शिक्षा होती है। अक्सर शिक्षा के क्षेत्र को हर समाज में हल्के ढंग से लिया जाता है और समझा जाता है कि शिक्षा का कार्य केवल शिक्षित नागरिकों को तैयार करना मात्र होता है, किंतु यह स्थिति भ्रामक भ्रमात्मक तथा प्रगति के लिए कष्टप्रद साबित हो सकती है। वस्तुतः शिक्षा वह क्षेत्र है जो देश को भविष्य के नेतृत्व के लिये योग्य नागरिक प्रदान करने का र्का करती है।

The principle of justice implemented globally is called global justice. When it is implemented at the domestic level, it is a traditional practice. The world must share the sound and problem equally so that the world can be just. In a global society, some have, and some have not. There are many ways to understand whether there is international justice or not, like education, health, terrorism, poverty, peacekeeping, humanitarian aid, environment, and economic growth.

"डिजिटल इंडिया" भारत सरकार की एक महत्वाकांक्षी और क्रांतिकारी पहल है, जिसका उद्देश्य भारत को डिजिटल रूप से सशक्त समाज और ज्ञान आधारित अर्थव्यवस्था में रूपांतरित करना है। इस योजना का आरंभ 2015 में हुआ था, और यह सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी (ICT) का उपयोग करके भारत के सामाजिक, आर्थिक और प्रशासनिक ढांचे में महत्वपूर्ण सुधार लाने का लक्ष्य रखता है। डिजिटल इंडिया की कार्ययोजना में मुख्य रूप से डिजिटल अवसंरचना का निर्माण, ई-गवर्नेंस के तहत सरकारी सेवाओं का डिजिटलीकरण, डिजिटल साक्षरता का प्रचार-प्रसार, और नागरिकों के सशक्तिकरण के लिए कदम उठाए गए हैं। इस शोध पत्र का उद्देश्य डिजिटल इंडिया कार्यक्रम की भूमिका और प्रभाव का समग्र विश्लेषण करना है। इसमें डिजिटल इंडिया के तहत किए गए प्रमुख प्रयासों, जैसे कि आधार, भारतनेट, उमंग ऐप, डिजिलॉकर जैसी सेवाओं का मूल्यांकन किया गया है, जो सामाजिक समावेशन, आर्थिक सशक्तिकरण, और शासन प्रणाली की पारदर्शिता को बढ़ावा देती हैं। साथ ही, यह शोध पत्र डिजिटल इंडिया की चुनौतियों पर भी प्रकाश डालता है, जैसे कि डिजिटल साक्षरता की कमी, साइबर सुरक्षा समस्याएँ, और ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में डिजिटल अवसंरचना की अपर्याप्तता।

College students often face immense academic and personal pressures, which can lead to stress, anxiety, and emotional instability. Critical thinking plays a pivotal role in equipping students with the necessary cognitive tools to navigate these challenges effectively. This paper explores how critical thinking serves as a coping mechanism for emotional resilience, helping students manage stress, make rational decisions, and maintain psychological well-being. The study highlights the relationship between critical thinking, emotional intelligence, and mental health while discussing practical applications for integrating critical thinking into higher education curricula.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the commercial landscape by enhancing business strategies and customer experiences. AI-driven technologies such as machine learning, chatbots, predictive analytics, and recommendation systems have enabled businesses to optimize operations, improve decision-making, and personalize customer interactions. This paper explores the role of AI in commerce, examining its impact on marketing, supply chain management, financial transactions, and customer service. The study further highlights the benefits, challenges, and ethical considerations of AI adoption in commerce. By analyzing current trends and real-world applications, this research provides insights into the evolving role of AI in shaping the future of business.

Personal reading habits play a vital role in shaping an individual's worldview, enhancing cognitive abilities, and influencing their professional practices. For educators, the influence of personal reading habits extends beyond personal enjoyment to directly impact their teaching philosophy, methods, and relationships with students. This paper explores how my personal reading habits have influenced my teaching philosophy, focusing on how literature, diverse genres, and exposure to various perspectives have shaped my beliefs and practices in the classroom. By analyzing the transformative power of reading in my life, I aim to demonstrate how an educator’s personal engagement with literature can inform their pedagogical approach, foster a love for learning, and promote critical thinking among students.

Legal risk management in banking governance is a relatively understudied issue related to scheduled commercial banks in India. This research examines two aspects regarding legal risk events, financial provisions, contingent liabilities, and compliance audits, especially in the frame of banking operating in the years 2018–2022. Using regression models, descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis in this research proves that legal risks have a positive association with financial provisioning; hence, these are riskier such that capital reserves will in fact be more. It also became clear that a need for appropriate regulatory control is in great demand in reducing legal risks, and it is found that compliance checks do a great amount. MUCHIT identifies many things in the report, such as shifting litigation patterns, compliance problems caused by urbanization, spotty regulations, etc. It does this to damp down on legal uncertainty by offering governance frameworks based on Basel III aligned, compliance processes powered by AI, and risk assessment based on data. But then there should be future studies on cross-border legal risk management methods to assimilate a common legal risk framework for Indian scheduled commercial banks. Finally, this study highlights the significance of proactive legal risk reduction techniques to ensure banking facilities and banks’ financial stability and their regulatory compliance, and in this way, to help banking professionals, banks, and banks’ regulators to have some insights.

Shashi Deshpattde's novels explore the patriarchal set up in India and her protagonist, located within the social culture reach out to define the self in an attempt to free themselves in their search for freedom they modify the cultural norms that bind them and try to create an identity of their own. Deshpande’s woman Saru in the Dark Holds no Terrors attempt to reassume her place in family, society on the basis of equality. She tries to understand herself, her past, her culture, her place in society and her relationship with her husband. Deshpande rejects the stereotypes, the myths which have so shaped the image of women, in India.

E-learning has significantly transformed the education sector, providing new opportunities for teaching and learning. However, its successful integration depends on several crucial factors, including teachers' perceptions, access to infrastructure, digital literacy, and institutional support. This study explores the key barriers to e-learning adoption among teachers in Hooghly, West Bengal. The findings reveal various technological, pedagogical, and socio-economic challenges that hinder effective digital learning implementation. Limited access to reliable internet, inadequate training in digital pedagogy, and resistance to technology due to a lack of familiarity are among the primary obstacles. Additionally, socio-economic disparities further widen the digital divide, making it difficult for teachers and students from underprivileged backgrounds to benefit fully from e-learning. To address these challenges, the study proposes solutions such as improving infrastructure, offering teacher training programs, and fostering a supportive institutional environment. These measures can help bridge the gap and enhance digital education in the region.

Motherhood is a transformative experience that brings joy but also significant physical and emotional challenges. The postpartum period is marked by physical recovery, hormonal fluctuations, sleep deprivation, and increased stress, which can contribute to anxiety, fatigue, and postpartum depression. Postnatal fitness plays a crucial role in easing this transition, offering both physical and psychological benefits. Regular exercise helps restore strength, boost energy levels, improve sleep quality, and enhance mood by triggering the release of endorphins. It also aids in reducing stress, promoting self-confidence, and fostering a sense of well-being. Safe and effective postnatal exercises such as walking, pelvic floor exercises, yoga, strength training, and breathing techniques provide mothers with manageable ways to regain physical fitness while prioritizing mental health. Engaging in fitness activities empowers new mothers by improving body image, establishing self-care routines, and fostering emotional resilience. Ultimately, postnatal fitness is a vital tool in ensuring a smoother transition into motherhood, promoting both physical recovery and psychological well-being.

Green politics in India has emerged as a significant force in environmental governance, advocating for sustainable development, ecological balance, and climate resilience. This research examines the role of green political movements, policies, and parties in shaping India's environmental agenda. It explores the advantages of green politics, such as policy reforms, grassroots activism, and eco-friendly governance, alongside its limitations, including political inertia and economic constraints. The study highlights prospects for the future, emphasizing policy innovation, technological integration, and public participation. Furthermore, it assesses the impact of green politics on society, particularly in terms of livelihood, health, and environmental sustainability. The findings underscore the necessity of integrating green political strategies within mainstream governance to ensure a sustainable future for India.

Through a geographical analysis, this study looks at the horticulture sector's expansion, diversification, and limitations in Southern Haryana between 1991 and 2011. The results show that demand for high-value crops, government programs, and better infrastructure have all contributed to notable growth; nonetheless, enduring issues including water shortages, dispersed landholdings, insufficient storage, and poor market connections impede advancement. The study draws attention to socioeconomic effects and spatial inequities using statistical techniques and GIS mapping. In order to maximize the sector's potential for resilience and equitable growth, the study places a strong emphasis on sustainable planning, technology uptake, and policy assistance.

AR allows students to grasp difficult concepts more easily. This visual and interactive approach not only aids in understanding but also in retaining information longer, as students can see and manipulate the elements they are studying. Augmented Reality (AR) overlays digital data onto the user's physical surroundings. VR creates a virtual environment for the user, while AR integrates digital data into the real environment. Interactive activities and visuals help students grasp concepts more effectively than just reading textbooks. The idea of a simple pendulum is taught to students through the use of augmented reality. In the proposed system the simple pendulum experiment will be explored via augmented reality technology. The simple pendulum concept becomes more accessible to students due to their engagement with it through AR technology.AR-based simple pendulum implemented and it is observed that students understand it better with the help of AR.

Electronic gadgets are constructed using semiconductor-based chips. Semiconductors are crucial for the functionality of practically all contemporary devices, including automobiles, mobile phones, computers, and aircraft, hence forming the cornerstone of the economies of all nations, including India. We are importing a substantial volume of semiconductors from abroad to satisfy our increasingly demanding requirements. Our semiconductor industry significantly trails that of Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, China, and the United States. Diverse governmental initiatives, including the Semiconindia Programme, the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme, and the Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme, aim to establish India as a global hub for semiconductor design, manufacture, and technical innovation.

This study investigates TeO₂-incorporated heavy metal oxide (HMO) borosilicate glasses synthesized via the melt-quench method for radiation shielding and thermoluminescence (TL) applications. Glass samples were analyzed for structural, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties, with BiTe-40 (40 mol% TeO₂) emerging as the optimal composition. Structural analysis confirmed amorphous nature, while FTIR revealed TeO₂’s role as a network modifier (≤30 mol%) and network former (>30 mol%). BiTe-40 exhibited the highest density (5.0875 g/cm³), refractive index (1.942), and superior shielding efficiency (lowest HVL: 3.81 cm, MFP: 5.504 cm). Mechanical tests indicated reduced hardness with increasing TeO₂ due to structural relaxation. Enhanced TL sensitivity from Ce³⁺ inclusion underscores its dosimetry potential. Radiation shielding parameters (MAC, LAC, Zeff) confirmed BiTe-40’s efficiency across 0.015–15 MeV. These findings position BiTe-40 as a promising material for nuclear, industrial, and medical applications.

The banking sector plays a pivotal role in shaping the economic landscape of any region. In Bhiwani, Haryana, public sector banks have become instrumental in fostering financial inclusion and providing essential banking services to the community. This research investigates customer satisfaction levels in public banks operating in Bhiwani, emphasizing key factors such as service quality, employee behavior, accessibility, and grievance redressal mechanisms. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, this study sheds light on how these factors influence overall customer satisfaction and offers actionable insights for enhancing service delivery.

Magnesium alloys are emerging as promising lightweight materials for automotive applications due to their ability to reduce weight and energy consumption. The Mg-Al-Zn system is particularly notable for its superior mechanical properties, combining zinc's contribution to increased strength with aluminum's grain-refining capabilities. This study focuses on the Mg-9Al-1Zn alloy, cast using a gravity metal mold with air cooling and subjected to solution treatment at 415°C for two hours. Microstructural analysis revealed α-Mg as the primary matrix phase, with β-Mg17Al12 precipitates and pores identified. Elemental composition was confirmed through Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Hardness evaluation demonstrated a significant increase from 65.21 VHN in the as-cast condition to 73.02 VHN after solution treatment, attributed to microstructural changes induced by processing. Furthermore, the alloy exhibited exceptional wear resistance, solidifying its potential as a lightweight, durable material for structural components in the automotive industry.

Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) pose a significant challenge to the stability and profitability of Indian banks. This study examines the interplay between governance practices and operational efficiency in mitigating NPAs. By analyzing the data from public and private sector banks over the past decade, this research highlights the critical areas where governance structures and operational frameworks directly impact asset quality. The study also explores successful case studies, policy interventions, and innovative strategies adopted by Indian banks to curb the growth of NPAs.

This research explores the impact of consumer engagement on social media platforms, specifically Facebook and Instagram, on brand loyalty and purchasing decisions. By examining key engagement metrics such as likes, comments, shares, and direct interactions, this study highlights the critical role of social media in fostering brand-consumer relationships. The findings demonstrate that higher consumer engagement correlates with increased brand loyalty and purchase intentions, emphasizing the importance of strategic content creation and interaction in social media marketing.

This research paper explores the influence of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) on organizational competitiveness within Haryana's service sector. It investigates how SHRM practices contribute to achieving sustainable competitive advantages by aligning human resource policies with organizational goals. The study examines various SHRM dimensions, including talent acquisition, training and development, performance management, and employee engagement, while assessing their role in enhancing operational efficiency, innovation, and adaptability. Using qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the service industry's strategic HR practices and their impact on organizational outcomes.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of nutritional interventions on the life expectancy and quality of life of female cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Kaithal, Haryana. The research investigates the role of tailored nutrition in enhancing treatment outcomes, improving health status, and mitigating chemotherapy-related side effects. By assessing dietary intake, patient-reported outcomes, and survival data, this paper aims to contribute valuable insights into the importance of nutrition in cancer care.

This paper presents an in-depth exploration of the application of Support Vector Machines (SVM) for detecting security threats in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). With the increasing use of WSNs across various domains, ensuring their security is of paramount importance. This research investigates the effectiveness of SVM algorithms in identifying various attacks such as Denial-of-Service (DoS), Sybil attacks, Blackhole attacks, and Wormhole attacks. The study compares SVM with other machine learning models and demonstrates its superior performance in terms of accuracy, precision, and recall. The proposed model is evaluated using real-time datasets and simulated environments, providing comprehensive insights into the applicability of SVM for WSN security.

Harry Potter fanfiction has emerged as a fertile ground for linguistic creativity, enabling fans to reimagine J.K. Rowling's universe while expanding its lexicon, narrative structures, and cultural relevance. This study explores the linguistic features of Harry Potter fanfiction, focusing on creative expressions, neologisms, stylistic variations, and intertextual references. By employing a qualitative content analysis of selected fanfiction texts, this paper examines how fans manipulate language to construct meaning, identity, and community.

Witness according to Jeremy Bentham, a Philosopher and Juristic person, said “Witnesses are the eyes and ear of justice” Witness plays a crucial role and assist the court in every civil or criminal proceedings. A witness is the distinct individual from accused, who is summoned by the court to testify and reveal the truth of the incidence. Witness is someone who has information about a case that has gone to trial. They are extremely important in building a strong case before the court. Even in this modern age of AI and Technology eye witness, documentary evidence, primary evidence or secondary evidence plays an important role for conclusion of trial and do to complete justice . They are the effective means of determining the fact and allegations in the case before the court. It is in this respect, it is very important that witness should dispose before court without fear and any accuses inducement by accused. A statement made under the influence of threat, fear, inducement can defeat the very purpose of criminal trial and that may result into wrong acquittal or conviction . Here in Present research paper, researcher try to study the importance of role of witnesses in criminal trial.

Our time is time of information and technology. This is a century of digitalization. In 2023 we had worldwide uses of internet at around 5.2 billion, approximately 2-3rds of global population. This huge use has also raised new crimes and privacy concerns. Protecting privacy and people from crime is difficult task already and doing it online has become almost impossible. Not only cyber-crime but protecting data from online sources and preventing breach of private data has become nuisance for all governmental and national and international organization worldwide. Protecting data privacy is basic human right and part of our fundamental rights. Governments worldwide are trying to frame rules and regulations to protect online data and data privacy of an individual. European Union’s general data protection rules, 2018. Indian parliament also recently in August,2023 passed DPDP Act, 2023 finally, which become our country’s first DP Act for processing and protection of personal data in India. Through this paper we will legally study the features of the Act, what it provides and what can be expected from it. Will it be fruitful in doing its job or fail in implementation like many of our existing ones. How in the long run it will come out to be, will be decided later, right now we can only speculate and keep our hopes on this much awaited legislation to protect our online data privacy. We will get to know, who the stake holders are and whom the individuals are protected from and to what extent. This is latest addition to digital laws and needs a study from an individual’s point of view.

Bimetallic Schiff base complexes represent a significant class of materials with potential applications in magneto-optical devices, sensors, and catalysis. This research investigates the synthesis, characterization, and multifunctional magnetic and optical behaviour of newly synthesized homo- and hetero-bimetallic Schiff base complexes. Detailed structural, electronic, magnetic, and optical studies are conducted using various spectroscopic and computational methods. The analysis reveals correlations between metal-ligand bonding, electronic structure, and their multifunctional properties.

The rapid expansion of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has revolutionized online education by providing learners worldwide with access to diverse learning opportunities. However, despite their potential, MOOCs often suffer from low completion rates and varying levels of student engagement. This research paper explores the integration of personalized feedback mechanisms and adaptive content delivery in MOOCs as a means to enhance student success. By leveraging data mining techniques, artificial intelligence (AI), and learning analytics, the study aims to provide a comprehensive framework that supports individualized learning experiences. The proposed model focuses on monitoring learner progress, providing timely feedback, and dynamically adapting content to match learners’ needs and abilities. Results from empirical studies suggest that personalized feedback and adaptive content significantly contribute to improved learning outcomes, engagement, and satisfaction among MOOC learners.

Financial inclusion plays a critical role in enhancing the socio-economic well-being of underserved populations. This study undertakes a comparative analysis of two prominent financial inclusion models in Haryana, India: Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs). By examining their operational frameworks, outreach, and impact on rural and semi-urban populations, the research identifies strengths, weaknesses, and areas for policy intervention. Data is collected through a mixed-method approach, including primary surveys and secondary data analysis. The findings highlight the relative effectiveness of each model in promoting financial literacy, empowering women, and fostering economic development.

Coastal infrastructure plays a critical role in mitigating the impacts of climate change, including erosion, flooding, and sea-level rise. This paper examines the effectiveness of different approaches—traditional hard engineering, nature-based solutions, and hybrid systems—in reducing these risks. Using case studies and meta-analyses of global and regional data, the paper explores cost-efficiency, ecological impacts, and resilience outcomes of various strategies. Emphasis is placed on integrating interdisciplinary approaches for sustainable coastal management.

This study examines the combined effects of yoga and strength training on key physical attributes, such as agility, speed, and endurance, in volleyball players. A six-week intervention program was designed to integrate both yoga and strength training to enhance athletic performance. The yoga component aimed to improve flexibility, joint mobility, and mental focus, while the strength training program targeted power, stability, and muscular endurance. A total of 30 volleyball players, aged 18-25, participated in the study and were divided into an experimental group, which followed the combined training regimen, and a control group, which maintained their usual volleyball training. Performance metrics, including agility (measured by the T-test), speed (measured by a 30-meter sprint), and endurance (evaluated using the 12-minute Cooper run test), were assessed before and after the training period. Results indicated that the experimental group showed significant improvements in agility, speed, and endurance compared to the control group. The findings suggest that integrating yoga and strength training provides a holistic approach to enhancing volleyball performance, offering benefits that go beyond traditional training methods by improving physical capabilities and reducing injury risks. This combined training regimen may be a valuable addition to the conditioning programs of athletes in volleyball and other high-performance sports.

The phrase "green economy" has gained significant global traction, prompting numerous nations to prioritise environmental concerns and embrace it as their principal economic framework. India is among the few countries undergoing swift economic expansion while prioritising sustainable development. "Green growth" denotes the advancement of economic development while safeguarding the sustainability of natural resources that are essential for environmental conservation. The Union Budget of India for 2023–2024 emphasises green growth, targeting a shift towards a green economy through environmentally friendly agriculture and renewable energy. The green economy concept prioritises environmental conservation alongside financial advantages to foster more resilient and sustainable economies. The green economy aims to eliminate or significantly reduce this development cost. The environment and natural resources must be preserved as they constitute our most important assets. Proponents of the green economy or low-carbon economy assert that environmental preservation must significantly influence the formulation and execution of all economic policies. Environmental hazards impede economic advancement due to their adverse impact on both society and the ecosystem. This study article elucidates the concepts of "green economy," "green growth," and "sustainable development." The text examines the transformation of significant economic sectors to a green economy, along with the opportunities and challenges confronting India. India has the potential to spearhead global green growth and economic advancement to achieve sustainable development.

A tribe is a group of people, usually staying in jungle areas, in a small locality, absolutely illiterate poor, hardly clad in clothes, usually dark and frail, fully living within their own community whose marriage always takes place among themselves, engaged in hunting and searching for roots, shoots and fruits as their veg food and roasted animals as non- veg food, completely oblivious of the country’s political and economic condition, resisting all efforts of development and have a strong dislike for strangers and educated modern community. The number of such tribal community is very large e.g. Santhals, Kora people, Kol, etc. Most of whom fall under scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and other backward classes. Most of the projects and efforts for uplifting their health, education and economic condition have failed both for their own unwillingness for change and absolute non cooperation as well as lethargy, dishonesty and corruption of the intermediaries. Ministry of Tribal Affairs is responsible for looking after the welfare and development of the Scheduled Tribes who are among the most backward sections of the Indian Society. The schemes and programmes of the Ministry are implemented with the help of the State Governments, Union Territory Administrations, Non-governmental Organisations and institutions of the Local-self Government. All the schemes/programmes are focused on three crucial aspects of integrated development of Tribal population namely: infrastructure, community and personality development. There are ten central sector schemes, five centrally sponsored schemes and two special area programmes. Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub-Plan (SCA to TSP) is a special area programme The objective of extending scope of SCA to TSP is to boost the demand-based income-generation programmes and raise the economic and social status oftribals.

The rapid growth a of human population, rapid industrialization, indiscriminate use of natural resources, our quest for material comforts and new life styles demanding a variety of products and amenities, have led to the environmental pollution, which has become Global phenomenon. But it is neither feasible nor desirable to slow down the pace of development. So, in such condition we should manage our development in such a way that it will not harm our environment. One way in this direction is regular monitoring of environment quality. Water is the essential constituent of any form of life. The Water of the earth’s surface constitutes the hydrosphere, about 97% of which is tapped in ice glaciers and remaining 1 % is fresh water. Man requires water for variety of purposes including irrigation, industries, livestock management, thermal power generation, fisheries, navigation and recreational activities.