This paper explores the psychological depths of the protagonists in Virginia Woolf’s novels, examining how her narrative techniques and character development capture the intricacies of the human psyche. Woolf’s works, including Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, and Orlando, offer profound insights into the inner lives of her characters, shedding light on themes of identity, memory, and existential reflection. Using modernist techniques such as stream-of-consciousness and free indirect discourse, Woolf allows readers access to her characters’ fragmented, subjective experiences, creating an intimate understanding of their internal conflicts. Through a detailed analysis of key protagonists—Clarissa Dalloway, Lily Briscoe, and Orlando—this paper explores how psychological depth in Woolf’s writing reflects both individual struggles with identity and the broader social and cultural constraints of her time. Ultimately, the study emphasizes Woolf’s role in shaping modernist literature by highlighting the complexity and fluidity of consciousness, memory, and identity in the context of human experience.

The recent change in administrative procedures and instructional strategies in professional institutions is created by tools of enterprise resource planning (ERP). In this research, statistical modeling, hypothesis testing, and correlation analysis are utilized in order to understand the trends, barriers, and impacts of ERP adoption in creative teaching and learning in professional education. While student service adoption grew from 30% to 65% and ERP adoption from 40% to 75%, throughout the same period, it was 2020 to 2023. The effect of ERP on helping to increase the instructional effectiveness has been proven (p < 0.05) by means of the hypothesis testing with a 40% increase in instructional effectiveness. The regression study results indicate a correlation of R² = 0.78 of the ERP adoption with administrative efficiency. However, two main obstacles are very high implementation costs (45%) and lack of skilled workers (35%). The strategic proposal to adopt cloud ERP, AI adaptive learning, ERP subsidies by the government, and training initiatives by the faculty. This work enhances the digital transformation of higher education by supplying data that allows for the best ERP implementation as regards professional institutions in India.

This research paper explores the evolution of teacher trainee engagement in response to game-based learning (GBL) at different problem-solving stages, utilizing the framework of Critical Theory. The study investigates how teacher trainees interact with GBL environments, how their engagement evolves through various stages of problem-solving and how systemic power structures and pedagogical assumptions impact their learning experiences. By employing a mixed-methods approach, this study assesses the implications of GBL for transformative learning in teacher education.

In this paper the banking sector changes in India with a focus on the reduction of NPAs were investigated, adjustments of the level of capital, and regulatory fines to banks. The study narrows down on changes from 1991 to 2023 and then examines them both from a legal and financial aspect and investigates how changes have influenced the financial stability using both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results indicate that after reforms, capital adequacy improved, risk management framework became stronger and NPAs went down. However, regulatory fines and compliance breaches increased, indicating that although banking operations have been boosted by advances, a governorship and legal problem have not been solved. The report mentions that to successfully face the legal issue, AI-driven compliance tools, stronger enforcement measures, and more regulatory monitoring are needed. Moreover, this study contributes to the growing literature of financial sector laws by providing policy suggestions to reorient the legal risk governance through remedial use of legal means to bring the banking system across India into compliance with international norms. Future studies must investigate the cross-border legal risk-reducing techniques in accordance with the worldwide regulatory comparisons to construct a stronger financial ecosystem.

As artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies become increasingly integrated into society, ethical issues surrounding these technologies have gained widespread attention. Key ethical concerns include biases in AI models, fairness in decision-making, and the transparency of AI systems. AI and ML algorithms have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in automating complex tasks, ranging from decision-making in hiring processes to providing healthcare diagnoses. However, these advancements also present challenges in terms of fairness, accountability, and trust. Bias in AI models, often inherited from historical data, can lead to discriminatory outcomes, while lack of transparency can hinder users' ability to understand and trust the decisions made by these systems. This paper explores these critical concerns and examines their implications for AI adoption across multiple sectors, such as healthcare, finance, criminal justice, and hiring. It discusses how biased datasets, flawed algorithmic assumptions, and opaque models contribute to unfair outcomes, particularly for marginalized communities. The paper presents strategies to mitigate bias, promote fairness, and enhance transparency in AI systems, such as diversifying training datasets, implementing fairness-aware algorithms, and adopting explainable AI (XAI) methods to improve interpretability. Additionally, it highlights the role of governance and regulation in addressing ethical challenges and ensuring that AI technologies are deployed responsibly. By addressing these challenges, we can ensure that AI systems are developed in ways that are ethically sound, socially responsible, and beneficial to all members of society. Ethical AI holds the potential to drive innovation while safeguarding against the perpetuation of societal inequalities. Ultimately, the goal is to create AI systems that are equitable, trustworthy, and able to positively impact various facets of life, fostering a future where technology serves humanity in an ethical and responsible manner.

Incorporating renewable energy sources such as solar and wind into the power grid is essential for achieving a sustainable and low-carbon energy system. Although renewable energy sources have the potential to improve grid stability and electricity quality, their intermittent and unpredictable nature poses challenges in these areas. To combat these issues, Energy Storage Systems (ESS) are vital, since they improve power quality by reducing variations in renewable supply. Renewable Energy Sources (RES) inverters linked to the grid are the subject of this paper's control technique. The grid linked inverters may be used to their full potential in a three-phase, four-wire distribution system. Distribution systems that use power electronic converters/inverters are progressively connecting Renewable Energy Sources (RES) to meet the rising demand for electricity. We confirm this novel control paradigm with laboratory experimental findings based on digital signal processors and show it off with comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation simulations. Modern power distribution networks may improve power quality, grid stability, and energy efficiency by combining renewable energy sources, improved APFs, and VSCs, as this research highlights.

This study investigates the impact of successive photocopying on handwriting features, providing a technical perspective for forensic document analysis. Using tools like MATLAB and OpenCV, it quantifies changes in line thickness, stroke continuity, edge sharpness, and pixel density. The results show that repeated photocopying significantly degrades finer handwriting details, with factors such as paper quality, ink type, and photocopier efficiency influencing the extent of degradation. The research underscores the importance of standardized evaluation methods and improved photocopying techniques for reliable document authentication and forensic applications.

प्राचीन भारतीय सामाजिक व्यवस्था में हिन्दू समाज को चार वर्णों में बांटा गया एवं प्रत्येक वर्ण के कार्य एवं अधिकार निश्चित किए गये। धार्मिक आधारों पर चतुवर्ण के सदस्यों पर निर्योग्यताएँ लादी गई। उन्हें अधिकारविहीन, उपेक्षित एवं तरिष्कृत किया गया। अनेक समाज सुधारकों ने समाज की इस विभेदक व्यवस्था का विरोध किया। स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति पश्चात् संवैधानिक प्रावधानों के द्वारा अनुसूचित जाति-जनजाति के सदस्यों को सभी क्षेत्रों में समानता एवं स्वतंत्रता प्रदान की गई है, जिससे उनके जीवन में आमूलचूल परिवर्तन आया है एवं आ रहा है।

The paper investigates the impact of tourism on the durability and preservation of medieval Indian heritage sites. Tourism, while economically beneficial, often poses significant threats to the structural integrity and conservation of these heritage monuments. This study aims to analyze the direct and indirect effects of tourism-related activities on the durability of selected medieval sites in India, using qualitative and quantitative methods. It also explores sustainable tourism practices that could mitigate adverse impacts while enhancing heritage conservation.

This study investigates the multifaceted challenges confronting Micro, Small, and Medium entrepreneurs in Rajasthan; MSME is a critical sector for the state's economic development. Employing a mixed-methods approach, including surveys and semi-structured interviews with MSME owners and stakeholders across diverse sectors, the research identifies key obstacles hindering entrepreneur's growth and sustainability. The findings reveal that finding the right area, access to finance, particularly working capital, remains a primary constraint, compounded by bureaucratic hurdles and complex loan application processes. Furthermore, technological adoption and digital literacy gaps limit MSM entrepreneurs' ability to compete in an increasingly digital marketplace. Issues related to marketing, branding, and market access, alongside fluctuating raw material costs and supply chain disruptions, further exacerbate their challenges. The study also examines the impact of regulatory frameworks and government support initiatives, evaluating their effectiveness in addressing the specific needs of Rajasthan's MSM entrepreneurs. Ultimately, this research provides valuable insights into the specific challenges faced by MSM entrepreneurs in Rajasthan, offering recommendations for policymakers and support organizations to foster a more conducive environment for their growth and contribute to the state's economic diversification and job creation.

The increasing prevalence of misleading digital marketing campaigns has raised concerns about consumer trust and brand reputation. This paper explores effective strategies that brands can employ to recover from the negative effects of such campaigns. Using case studies and empirical evidence, the research highlights the critical role of transparency, communication, and ethical marketing in regaining consumer confidence and loyalty.

This study explores post-colonial trauma and identity in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus and Half of a Yellow Sun, using post-colonial theory and trauma studies. Drawing on Frantz Fanon’s critique of colonialism and Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory, the paper examines how Adichie critiques colonial legacies, ethnic conflict, and neo-colonialism through her narratives. In Purple Hibiscus, Adichie highlights the clash between traditional African values and authoritarian religious beliefs, focusing on familial control and personal liberation. Half of a Yellow Sun portrays the Nigerian Civil War’s psychological and cultural impact, using fragmented narrative structures to reflect communal trauma and ethnic violence. The findings emphasize Adichie’s role in reclaiming marginalized voices and addressing the lingering effects of colonialism. Through themes of trauma, resilience, and identity, her works contribute to post-colonial literature by deconstructing imperial histories and amplifying the voices of the oppressed.

Rabindranath Tagore's literary legacy spans a diverse range of themes, encompassing human emotions, cultural identity, nationalism, and the intricacies of human relationships. His works have not only been a cornerstone of Bengali literature but have also resonated globally. This paper explores the cultural reinterpretation of Tagore's works in their film adaptations, specifically comparing Indian and global perspectives. By examining selected film adaptations from different countries, this study highlights how Tagore's timeless themes have been translated, altered, and re-envisioned across diverse cultural contexts, emphasizing the differences and similarities in their interpretation, presentation, and impact.

Miriam Tlali, the first black South African woman to publish a novel, emerged as a significant voice against apartheid oppression. Her works, censored and often banned, represent a powerful act of resistance against systemic silencing. This paper explores the intricate dynamics of censorship and resistance in Tlali’s literary journey, focusing on her landmark novel Muriel at Metropolitan and other writings. By examining the political, social, and cultural implications of her work, this study aims to shed light on Tlali’s role in dismantling apartheid narratives and her enduring legacy in postcolonial literature.

Education is important in any country since it promotes knowledge, skills, habits, and values. If we carefully observe the daily and routine everyday social life of the individual, one could notice that the societal values have been diminishing over the past few decades. Therefore, it is necessary, not in terms of moral policing, but to develop holistic citizenship education at present. Future growth in any country depends on its youth. Unfortunately, the youth in India is getting increasingly inclined towards violence, social evils and lack of respect towards the world around them. Our current environment, including the family system, education system and media, has a tremendous influence on today’s youth. The Youth generally tend to have a wrong misconception that the men with values are suffering in life. They are also coming under the strong influence of idioms such as ‘All is well’. It is not intended to say that they should be pessimistic but they don’t bother about means, but mostly stress upon the ends. Under these circumstances, value education is essentially required to provide motivation and guidance to our youngsters. Creation of such values in our youth is the end product of value Education. Recent debates, on one hand, on ‘values’ in our youth and skill based education that promotes the employment opportunities on the other hand, has revived concern for discussion and deliberation and debate in India. Concrete steps now should be taken to strike the balance between both by any society

वर्तमान अध्ययन शिक्षण-शिक्षण प्रक्रिया में शैक्षिक तकनीकी के उपयोग के प्रति शिक्षकों की तुलनात्मक अभिवृत्ति का विश्लेषण करता है। विज्ञान और तकनीकी के निरंतर विकास ने शिक्षा प्रणाली को नया आयाम दिया है, जिससे शिक्षण अधिक संवादात्मक, प्रभावी और सुगम बन गया है। शैक्षिक तकनीकी के अंतर्गत कंप्यूटर, स्मार्ट बोर्ड, प्रोजेक्टर, टैबलेट, मोबाइल एप्लिकेशन और ऑनलाइन शिक्षण प्लेटफॉर्म जैसे उपकरण आते हैं, जिनका उपयोग शिक्षकों द्वारा शिक्षण प्रक्रिया में किया जाता है। अध्ययन से स्पष्ट होता है कि शैक्षिक तकनीकी के उपयोग को अपनाने की प्रवृत्ति विभिन्न कारकों पर निर्भर करती है, जैसे संस्थान का प्रकार (सरकारी या निजी), स्थान (शहरी या ग्रामीण), लिंग, आयु, अनुभव और पेशेवर प्रशिक्षण। निजी संस्थानों में तकनीकी संसाधनों की अधिक उपलब्धता के कारण वहाँ शिक्षण में डिजिटल उपकरणों का अधिक प्रभावी उपयोग किया जाता है, जबकि सरकारी संस्थानों में संसाधनों की कमी एक प्रमुख बाधा बनती है। इसके अलावा, शहरी विद्यालयों में तकनीकी अपनाने की दर ग्रामीण विद्यालयों की तुलना में अधिक होती है। अध्ययन यह भी इंगित करता है कि जिन शिक्षकों की शैक्षिक तकनीकी के प्रति सकारात्मक अभिवृत्ति होती है, वे इसे अपने शिक्षण में अधिक प्रभावी रूप से शामिल करते हैं, जिससे विद्यार्थियों का अधिगम अनुभव समृद्ध होता है। हालाँकि, तकनीकी सहायता की कमी, अपर्याप्त प्रशिक्षण और परिवर्तन के प्रति प्रतिरोध जैसी चुनौतियाँ इसके व्यापक उपयोग में बाधक बनती हैं। इन चुनौतियों से निपटने हेतु उचित नीतिगत क्रियान्वयन और प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रमों की आवश्यकता है, जिससे एक अधिक प्रभावी और तकनीकी-समर्थ शिक्षा प्रणाली का विकास किया जा सके।

Tax-saving investment options play a crucial role in shaping the financial preferences of government employees. As these employees enjoy job security and steady income, they often seek investment avenues that offer both tax benefits and financial security. This study evaluates the impact of various tax-saving options on the investment decisions of government employees. By analyzing popular tax-saving instruments such as the Provident Fund (PF), National Pension Scheme (NPS), Equity-Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS), and insurance policies, this paper explores how tax incentives influence their risk appetite, asset allocation, and long-term financial planning. The research also examines demographic factors such as age, income levels, and financial literacy to understand variations in investment behavior. The findings provide insights into how tax-saving provisions affect investment trends among government employees and suggest policy measures to improve financial awareness and optimize tax-saving strategies for better wealth accumulation.

प्रस्तुत अध्ययन का उद्देश्य विद्यार्थियों की संवेगात्मक बुद्धि पर डिजिटल पाठ्यवस्तु के प्रभाव का अध्ययन करना था। इस अध्ययन के लिए प्रायोगिक विधि का प्रयोग किया गया। न्यादर्ष के लिए जयपुर जिले के 60 विद्यार्थियों का चयन किया गया। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन से यह निष्कर्ष प्राप्त हुआ कि विद्यार्थियों की संवेगात्मक बुद्धि पर डिजिटल पाठ्यवस्तु द्वारा षिक्षण का सार्थक प्रभाव पड़ता है।

आज के प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक युग में केवल बौद्धिक क्षमता ही विद्यार्थियों की सफलता का मापदंड नहीं है, बल्कि संवेगात्मक बुद्धि भी समान रूप से महत्वपूर्ण हो गई है। यह लेख विद्यार्थियों की संवेगात्मक बुद्धि को प्रभावित करने वाले प्रमुख कारकों का गहन अध्ययन प्रस्तुत करता है। लेख में पारिवारिक परिवेश, विद्यालयी वातावरण, सहपाठी समूह, डिजिटल मीडिया, तथा आत्म-धारणा जैसे घटकों की चर्चा की गई है, जो विद्यार्थी की भावनात्मक जागरूकता, आत्म-नियंत्रण और सामाजिक कुशलता को प्रभावित करते हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त लेख में संवेगात्मक बुद्धि के विकास में शिक्षक, माता-पिता और समाज की भूमिका का विश्लेषण भी प्रस्तुत किया गया है। अंततः लेख में यह निष्कर्ष निकाला गया है कि विद्यार्थी की समग्र सफलता के लिए उसकी संवेगात्मक बुद्धि का विकास अनिवार्य है, और इसके लिए बहुआयामी प्रयासों की आवश्यकता है।

Brain tumor detection using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) faces critical challenges due to the presence of noise, intensity inhomogeneity, and complex anatomical structures. This research proposes an intelligent pre-processing algorithm based on a hybrid approach combining anisotropic diffusion filtering, adaptive histogram equalization, and wavelet thresholding to reduce noise and enhance image quality. The algorithm also integrates a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based denoiser trained on a dataset of brain MRIs to further refine the images. This pre-processing pipeline significantly enhances segmentation and classification accuracy in downstream tasks using U-Net and ResNet architectures. Experimental results demonstrate improvements in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), and Dice coefficient, thereby establishing the efficacy of the proposed method in clinical and research settings.

Raja Rao’s “The Serpent and the Rope” delves into the complexities of love and relationships, particularly within an intercultural context. The protagonist, Ramaswamy, a Brahmin from South India, embarks on a spiritual journey while navigating his marriage to Madeleine, a French woman. Their relationship serves as a microcosm of the clash between Eastern and Western philosophies, exploring themes of love, identity, and the search for meaning. The novel examines how their contrasting cultural backgrounds and spiritual beliefs impact their connection, highlighting the challenges and joys of cross-cultural love.

This paper presents a comprehensive microeconomic analysis of domestic trade patterns in India, focusing on market structures, pricing mechanisms, regional disparities, government policies, and the informal economy. Domestic trade is a critical component of India's economic activity, and understanding the microeconomic forces at play can provide valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and researchers. The study explores how factors such as consumer behavior, supply chain dynamics, government interventions, and market structures influence domestic trade across various sectors. We also examine the challenges of informal markets and regional imbalances and provide policy recommendations to improve the efficiency of domestic trade in India.

In the digital age, the proliferation of e-content across platforms such as online education, digital media, and cloud services has revolutionized how information is created, shared, and consumed. However, this transformation poses significant challenges in the management and protection of content, especially in the context of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). This paper explores the complexities and evolving issues surrounding e-content management with a particular focus on IPR frameworks. The study highlights legal ambiguities, enforcement difficulties, and ethical dilemmas faced by creators, educators, institutions, and policymakers. Through a review of current laws, case studies, and technological developments, the paper provides insight into bridging the gap between accessibility and content protection in a digital environment.

Mental health disorders such as stress, anxiety, and depression are increasingly common in the modern world, affecting individuals across all age groups. Conventional treatments often include medication and psychotherapy, but these approaches may not be effective or accessible for everyone. In recent years, alternative and complementary therapies rooted in ancient practices have gained attention for their potential to promote psychological well-being. Among these, Bhramari Pranayama—a yogic breathing technique characterized by slow inhalation and a humming exhalation—has emerged as a promising tool in managing mental health conditions. This review paper explores the therapeutic potential of Bhramari Pranayama in alleviating symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. The technique's simplicity, safety, and non-invasive nature make it a suitable intervention for individuals seeking natural methods of self-regulation. Bhramari Pranayama is believed to activate the parasympathetic nervous system, reduce cortisol levels, and induce a state of calmness by generating internal vibrations that influence the brain and emotional centres. The review analyses classical yogic literature and modern scientific studies to present an integrated understanding of how Bhramari Pranayama affects mental health. Key outcomes include improved emotional stability, enhanced focus, better sleep quality, and reduced physiological markers of stress. Additionally, its role in mindfulness and self-awareness contributes to long-term mental resilience. By compiling evidence from traditional and contemporary sources, this review highlights Bhramari Pranayama as an effective and accessible practice that can complement existing treatments for mental health issues. The findings suggest a need for further clinical trials and interdisciplinary research to validate its broader applicability. Ultimately, Bhramari Pranayama may serve as a valuable component of holistic mental health care.

भारतीय संविधान में संघीय ढांचे की परिकल्पना की गई है, जिसमें केंद्र और राज्य सरकारों के बीच शक्तियों का बंटवारा होता है। हालांकि, राज्यपाल की दोहरी भूमिका - राज्य के संवैधानिक प्रमुख और केंद्र के मनोनीत व्यक्ति के रूप में - राज्यपाल और मुख्यमंत्री के बीच लगातार तनाव का कारण बनी हुई है। यह शोध 2000-2024 के प्रमुख न्यायिक फैसलों, संवैधानिक प्रावधानों और राजनीतिक केस स्टडी का विश्लेषण करके इस संवैधानिक द्वैतवाद के सैद्धांतिक, राजनीतिक और व्यावहारिक आयामों की जांच करता है। इस शोध पत्र का उद्देश्य यह आकलन करना है कि राज्यपाल एक निष्पक्ष संवैधानिक प्राधिकारी के रूप में कार्य करता है या केंद्र सरकार द्वारा राजनीतिक लाभ उठाने के साधन के रूप में। गुणात्मक केस स्टडी पद्धति और सैद्धांतिक विश्लेषण के माध्यम से, यह शोध पत्र शक्ति संतुलन को उजागर करता है और भारत में सहकारी संघवाद के निहितार्थों की जांच करता है।

The Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a species of antelope native to the Indian subcontinent. This study focuses on the ecological and biological adaptations of Blackbuck at the Tal Chhapar Conservation Site in Rajasthan, as well as the significant threats faced by this species. The Blackbuck has shown remarkable resilience to the semi-arid environment of the region; however, it is under constant pressure from habitat loss, poaching, and climate change. The paper examines the factors influencing the population dynamics of Blackbuck, the role of protected areas like Tal Chhapar in conservation efforts, and the adaptations that have allowed the species to survive in harsh conditions. The findings suggest that continued monitoring, habitat restoration, and local community engagement are critical for the long-term survival of Blackbuck in Rajasthan.

Superconductivity, the phenomenon where materials exhibit zero electrical resistance below a critical temperature, holds transformative potential for a wide range of industries. This paper explores the implications of superconductivity in modern technological advancements, particularly in energy transmission, transportation, and computing. The study examines the technological applications of superconductivity, the associated challenges, and its future potential. Through case studies, data from real-world applications, and theoretical exploration, we analyze the current state of superconductivity, the obstacles to widespread adoption, and the opportunities it presents for innovation in the 21st century. The paper concludes with an overview of future prospects and a discussion of the critical role superconductivity will play in reshaping industries worldwide.

This study investigates the local bird species of Tonk, Rajasthan, and their adaptation strategies to the region's unique environmental conditions. Tonk, characterized by a semi-arid climate, fluctuating temperatures, seasonal rainfall, and various human-driven changes such as urbanization and agriculture, presents distinct challenges for its avian inhabitants. Through field surveys and behavioral analysis, this paper identifies the primary bird species in the region and explores their physiological, behavioral, and ecological adaptations to these challenges. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the resilience of local bird species and provide insights for conservation efforts in a rapidly changing environment.

Quantum spin models are fundamental tools in condensed matter physics, providing critical insights into the behavior of interacting particles at quantum scales. These models help to understand a wide range of phenomena, from magnetism to quantum phase transitions. This paper explores the theoretical framework and applications of quantum spin models, particularly in the context of lattice systems, spin liquids, and quantum entanglement. We review various methods used to solve these models, including mean-field theory, numerical simulations, and perturbation techniques. Additionally, the paper discusses real-world systems where quantum spin models are applied, such as spin chains and spin glasses. The findings suggest that quantum spin models offer profound implications for future technological advancements in quantum computing and material science.

The increasing contamination of water bodies due to herbicide runoff has raised concerns regarding aquatic life and human health. Photocatalysis has emerged as a promising solution for the degradation of herbicides in water. This paper explores advanced photocatalytic techniques for the effective removal of herbicides from aquatic environments. By examining various catalysts, reaction mechanisms, and environmental factors, the paper highlights the potential and challenges of these methods in real-world applications. The study concludes with recommendations for future research and the development of more efficient photocatalytic systems for water purification.

Condensed matter physics explores the macroscopic and microscopic properties of matter in solid and liquid states. This paper presents a detailed study of the theoretical foundations of condensed matter physics, with a focus on how modern advancements are pushing the boundaries of traditional models. The work encompasses classical and quantum theoretical frameworks, touching upon important areas like phase transitions, critical phenomena, and the emergence of new quantum states of matter. Furthermore, we explore cutting-edge topics in condensed matter theory, including topological phases, quantum entanglement, and material design for future technologies. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the paper emphasizes the role of condensed matter theory in advancing technology and understanding the fundamental nature of matter.

The digital transformation of India's insurance sector has changed life insurance delivery and consumption. Smartphones, internet penetration, and government-led digital inclusion initiatives have made digital platforms essential for addressing underserved and semi-urban people. This change is especially noticeable in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities with restricted insurance distribution channels. Customers can easily compare and buy life insurance plans using digital interfaces in these locations, where financial security awareness is rising. Despite this opportunity, insurers in these regions must build and sustain client trust in digital platforms. Trust is shaped by data security, transparency, digital platform legitimacy, and user experience. This study examines the factors that determine client trust in digital channels and how it influences life insurance purchases. The mixed-methods research uses quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to provide practical insights to assist insurers improve their digital outreach and develop enduring relationships with Tier-2 and Tier-3 consumers.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of thermal energy storage materials—specifically sensible heat storage materials (SHSMs) and phase change materials (PCMs)—in the context of solar thermal applications. Given the intermittent nature of solar energy, efficient storage solutions are crucial for ensuring a consistent energy supply. While SHSMs are cost-effective and straightforward, they require large volumes due to their lower energy density. Conversely, PCMs offer higher energy density by storing energy during phase transitions but face challenges like subcooling and thermal cycling stability. This study evaluates various materials, considering factors such as thermal conductivity, melting point, cost, and long-term stability, to provide guidelines for selecting appropriate storage materials for different solar thermal applications.

This study investigates the energetic performance of bilayer organic solar cells (OSCs) through computational simulations. We focus on modeling charge transport, exciton dissociation, and energy conversion efficiency. The simulation framework is based on the device architecture of bilayer structures, where donor and acceptor materials are layered to optimize photon absorption and electron-hole pair separation. The results demonstrate the impact of various material properties, such as energy levels and charge mobilities, on the overall performance of OSCs. This study provides insights into improving the efficiency of bilayer organic solar cells by optimizing key parameters, which can guide the design of more efficient, scalable organic photovoltaics.

This study investigates the comparative effectiveness of intensive oral language sound training (IOLST) and traditional phonics instruction (TPI) in enhancing reading skills among bilingual children diagnosed with dyslexia. Conducted as a randomized controlled trial involving 80 participants aged 8 to 10 years, the research evaluates improvements in reading comprehension, phonological awareness, and decoding skills across both interventions. The results indicate that IOLST not only yields significant gains in reading abilities but also enhances students' confidence and engagement in their learning process. The findings suggest that integrating IOLST into educational curricula may provide a more effective approach to supporting bilingual dyslexic learners, thereby addressing the unique challenges they face in literacy acquisition.

The present study explores the role of surface charge modulation in niosomal ocular inserts to achieve targeted drug delivery to specific ocular tissues. Owing to the anatomical and physiological barriers in the eye, conventional formulations suffer from limited bioavailability and poor retention. This research aims to examine how charge induction (cationic and anionic modifications) in niosomal drug carriers can enhance site-specific interaction with ocular surfaces such as the cornea and conjunctiva. Two key objectives are pursued: (1) to develop and characterize charged niosomal inserts for ophthalmic delivery, and (2) to evaluate their tissue-specific interaction and permeation in ex-vivo models. The findings indicate that charge-induced surface modification of niosomal inserts significantly influences their ocular tissue targeting behavior, paving the way for personalized ocular therapies.

Music, as well as being known to have profound, mental, and otherworldly advantages since Scriptural times, has been researched for its conceivable pain relieving properties. Countless examinations have given significant proof that music can diminish torment levels. Help with discomfort might happen by the arrival of endorphins or changes in catecholamine levels or, as patients are diverted by recollections from their aggravation. Torment can be a weakening condition and is frequently connected with infection movement. Music, which is contained coordinated sounds and quiets, has been powerful in the treatment of a wide range of torment since basically the start of recorded time. At the point when agony is controlled and made due, it can forestall negative related results associated with sickness. Music is a minimal expense choice that shows guarantee in the administration of excruciating conditions. Music treatment has given intense choices to help with discomfort across various ages and populaces. As a nonpharmacological option or supplement lacking secondary effects, music therapy is filling in clinical application and examination conventions. This article considers the viability of purpose of music and music-treatment applications in treating torment.

In Indian engineering institutions, especially in linguistically diverse urban regions like Delhi, a significant number of students remain silent in English language classrooms despite years of formal instruction. This paper explores the psychological, pedagogical, and sociocultural factors behind communication barriers in engineering English classes and proposes a student-responsive intervention model to transform passive learners into active communicators. The study, conducted across three engineering colleges in Delhi, employed a mixed-method approach to measure improvements in participation, fluency, and confidence. Results highlight the importance of interactive, low-anxiety environments and task-based language learning in overcoming silence.

The present study describes the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial efficacy of four medicinal plants, namely, Ficus religiosa (Peepal), Ficus benghalensis (Banyan), Azadirachta indica (Neem), and Saraca asoca (Sita Ashok), which are commonly used in traditional medicine. The leaves were extracted with ethanol, and the extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening indicating the presence of the bioactive compounds alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phenols, steroids and terpenoids. Neem had the overall highest concentrations of the bioactive compounds. The extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against common pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, using the agar well diffusion method. Neem extract (high overall concentrations) exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity (largest zones of inhibition and highest percentage efficacy compared to a standard antibiotic), followed by Sita Ashok with less efficacy, then Peepal, and lastly Banyan (least antimicrobial activity). The study's findings support the use of these plants in the traditional medicinal culture and their potential use as natural alternatives and/or supplements to antibiotics, to address the issues of antibiotic resistance. While it is also a call for more research, it emphasizes the need for proper phytochemical as well as antimicrobial methods of screening when developing plant-based therapeutic agents in modern pharmacology.

This study looks at how seasonal changes affect the bioactive components in four medicinal plants that are crucial for health: Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Withania somnifera, and Phyllanthus emblica. The plants are grown in different agro-climatic zones in India. In the summer, monsoon, and winter, plant samples were taken from the Himalayan, Tropical Wet, Arid, and Coastal zones. Standard lab procedures were used to measure important phytochemical components such phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and antioxidant activity. The examination of the data showed that the concentrations of bioactive compounds varied greatly by season and area. In general, winter had greater levels of phenolic and alkaloid compounds, whereas monsoon and summer had higher levels of flavonoids and terpenoids. These results show how important environmental conditions are in changing phytochemical profiles and how important it is to choose the best time and place to harvest plants for better therapeutic effects.

This investigates the properties of series equations involving special functions with the help of fractional calculus. Extending classical differential methods to non-integer order calculus allows the research to find more accurate and flexible ways to solve complex equations from engineering, physics and mathematics. Using special functions like Mittag-Leffler, Bessel and hyper geometric functions, scientists can present solutions in series form which reflects better the memory and hereditary qualities of many problems. It also discusses important methods such as the Laplace Transform Method, A domain Decomposition Method and Homotopy Analysis Method that are helpful in finding the solutions to fractional-order differential equations. The use of special functions with these techniques widens both the scope and use of analytical models, giving a strong basis for further research in advanced modelling.

This paper examines the role of yoga as a psychological approach to enhancing emotional regulation. Emotional regulation—the capacity to manage and respond to emotional experiences adaptively—is vital for mental health. Yoga, integrating physical postures, breath control, and mindfulness, has gained prominence for its therapeutic potential. Through a comprehensive literature review, this study explores how yoga influences emotional regulation mechanisms, including stress reduction, cognitive reappraisal, and increased mindfulness. The analysis suggests that regular yoga practice improves emotional resilience and psychological well-being. The paper advocates for incorporating yoga into psychological interventions to support emotional health.

Advertising has undergone a transformative journey, transitioning from traditional modes of communication to the digital domain. Haryana, with its unique cultural fabric and evolving socio-economic landscape, presents a fertile ground to study this shift. This paper explores the trajectory of advertising in Haryana, analyzing the factors driving this transition, the role of digital platforms, and the socio-cultural implications on consumers and businesses. The findings underscore how digital advertising reshapes consumer behavior, cultural identity, and local business strategies while highlighting challenges such as the digital divide and cultural homogenization.

Health financing reforms play a crucial role in rural economic development by improving health outcomes, increasing labor productivity, and reducing financial hardship. This paper investigates how the Provincial Health Account Division (PHAD) system contributes to rural prosperity by ensuring transparent, equitable, and evidence-based allocation of health resources. Using a mixed-methods approach—including case studies, government reports, and secondary data analysis—this research finds that PHAD implementation leads to increased healthcare coverage, reduced out-of-pocket expenditures, and overall economic improvements in rural areas. The findings support the integration of health financing strategies like PHAD in broader rural development policies.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a distant and strategically important Union Territory of India. This study examines the challenges of political administration and governance there. The geographical remoteness, ecological sensitivity, and demographic variety of the islands create unique obstacles to the development and application of efficient policies. The study draws attention to sociocultural factors, infrastructure limitations, and the necessity of flexible administrative structures that strike a balance between local autonomy and centralized supervision. Innovative governance strategies are emphasized in order to solve logistical challenges and advance sustainable development. These strategies include decentralization, technological integration, and cooperative policy implementation. The results highlight the need of customized approaches to improve governance effectiveness and guarantee equitable prosperity in remote island nations.

इस सदी के साहित्य का केंद्रीय विषय स्त्री विमर्श और दलित साहित्य है। यद्यपि हमारी परम्परा में सभी प्रकार का आदर्श स्त्री के खाते में जमा दिखाई देता है, परन्तु जब इसे कसौटी पर कसते हैं. तो वह भरभराकर गिर जाता है। आये दिन सभी प्रकार का अन्याय उसके साथ घटित होता हुआ दिखाई देता है। यह विरोधाभासी स्थिति है। मृणाल पांडेय स्त्री विमर्ष में हस्तक्षेप करते हुए लिखती हैं, ’’समाज में स्त्रीत्व की मूल अवधारणा नकारात्मक है। लगभग सभी धार्मिक और दार्शनिक दायरे में स्त्री को पुरूष के संदर्भ में एक अपूर्ण और सापेक्ष्य जीवन के रूप में देखा गया है। वास्तविकता यह है कि नारी को उसके अपेक्षित सम्मान के साथ नहीं देखा गया है। इन्हीं स्थितियों का चित्रण हिंदी उपन्यासों में किया गया है। प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र में स्त्री विमर्ष और हिंदी उपन्यास पर विचार किया गया है।

The aim of this comparative study is to explore the role of women in the poetry of two iconic feminist writers who represent the two socio-cultural cultures postcolonial India and 20 th century America, but have achieved a common cause of reoccupying the female identity and voice. The two poets attack the patriarchal institution via personal autobiographical expression, the confession currently denounces the emotional, psychological and social oppressions that women undergo. The poetry of Kamala Das strikes with much emotional frankness, eroticism, direct expression of the female sexuality, loneliness, and resistance to domestic oppression. Compared to it, the work by Adrienne Rich is more intellectual and politicized, playing with symbolism and mythology, as well as philosophical concepts, to break down the stereotypical gender construct and usher in a united female power. It compares their thematic issues, their poetry craft, including emotive simplicity in Das and structure symbolism in Rich. Notwithstanding the differences in style and the setting, both poets manage to turn personal suffering into a global feminist narrative making women subjects of change. In addition to extending in such a way the scope of feminist writing, their work also invokes an impressive dialogue between the personal and the political aspects of the female experience.

The number of writers who have addressed the split in the last several decades is one aspect that has evolved. The books' depiction of the setting is heavily influenced by both the historical period and the geographical area. Women, nationalism, the causes and effects of partition, and many more such subjects are examples. A variety of viewpoints and methods of treatment, however, is of equal importance. Despite sharing a common theme, the novelists' perspectives on the partition couldn't be more different. Even though some of these authors were not around during this bloody period in India's history, they succeeded in capturing the essence of what was happening via their work. These books portray the division's terrible realities, even though they came out at separate times. These pieces portray acts of communal violence, racial hatred, abduction, rape, looting, and arson. A variety of feelings about the split have found their way into the works of these authors. Despite the similarities, there are also many key distinctions in the authors' depictions of India's darkest past. The novels have illuminated the social, cultural, political, and historical landscapes of India by providing a glimpse into the communal and individual lives of Indians before and after partition. It can found the divide from many perspectives once we compare and analyze them. Examining the chosen texts for similarities and differences among the three authors is the next step after deciding to compare these novelists. In this article, an analysis on comparative study of the trauma of partition reflected in the selected novels has been discussed.

To review Keats' life and poetry in light of Carlyle's Everlasting Nea was the aim, as mentioned before in the introduction. Along with Carlyle, Keats had pondered The Everlasting Nea for quite some time; his life had been tragically cut short by a string of unfortunate events in his family, leaving him feeling lonely and powerless; he had financial troubles; the poem had been harshly criticized by Blackwood and the Quarterly; his affair with Fanny Brawne had been unsuccessful; and his illness was deteriorating. So, to escape the oppressive modern world, he seeks refuge in the Hellenic realm. His thoughts are consumed by the awe-inspiring grandeur of the classical Greeks and the middle Ages. Typically, he avoids dealing with pressing matters that require immediate attention. Everything in the material universe serves as an outer clothing for the spirit that dwells within, says Carlyle. Faith communities, like churches, provide spiritual garments for their members. Similar to clothing, these facilities will wear out and require replacement at some point. In this article, human connection and equality in Keats' Odes has been analysed.

भारत के गौरवशाली इतिहास में महाराणा प्रताप का नाम स्वाभिमान, स्वतंत्रता और अपराजेय संघर्ष का प्रतीक माना जाता है। वे मेवाड़ के प्रसिद्ध सिसोदिया वंश के राणा थे, जिन्होंने 16वीं शताब्दी में मुगल साम्राज्य की बढ़ती ताकत के सामने अपने स्वराज्य और स्वतंत्रता की रक्षा के लिए जीवनभर संघर्ष किया। उस समय का भारत अनेक छोटे-बड़े राज्यों में विभाजित था, और मुगल सम्राट अकबर अपने साम्राज्य का विस्तार कर सभी राज्यों को अपने अधीन करना चाहते थे। ऐसे में महाराणा प्रताप का राजनीतिक जीवन न केवल एक संघर्षपूर्ण कालखंड था, बल्कि यह साहस, नेतृत्व, और दूरदर्शी नीति का अद्भुत उदाहरण भी था। महाराणा प्रताप ने मुगल साम्राज्य की अधीनता स्वीकार करने से इनकार कर अपनी स्वाधीनता और सम्मान की रक्षा के लिए अदम्य साहस दिखाया। उनका जीवन केवल युद्ध और लड़ाई तक सीमित नहीं था, बल्कि वे एक कुशल प्रशासक, दूरदर्शी नेता और जनसंपर्क के माहिर भी थे। उन्होंने अपने सामंतों, सैनिकों और जनता के बीच गहरा विश्वास और एकता स्थापित की, जो उनके राजनीतिक जीवन की सबसे बड़ी सफलता थी। उनकी युद्धनीति और प्रशासनिक कौशल ने मेवाड़ को मुगलों के लगातार आक्रमणों के बावजूद स्वतंत्र और सशक्त बनाए रखा। महाराणा प्रताप ने खुले युद्ध के अलावा गुरिल्ला युद्धनीति को अपनाकर मुगलों को लगातार क्षति पहुंचाई, जिससे वे एक मजबूत और आजाद राज्य के रूप में टिका रहे। साथ ही, उन्होंने अपनी राजधानी चावण्ड में प्रशासनिक सुधार कर राज्य के सुचारू संचालन को सुनिश्चित किया। इस अध्ययन का मुख्य उद्देश्य महाराणा प्रताप के राजनीतिक जीवन का व्यापक विश्लेषण करना है, जिसमें उनकी युद्धनीतियाँ, प्रशासनिक सुधार, नेतृत्व कौशल और जनता के साथ उनके संबंधों को गहराई से समझना शामिल है। इस प्रकार, यह शोध पत्र महाराणा प्रताप के जीवन के उन पहलुओं को उजागर करेगा जिन्होंने उन्हें भारतीय इतिहास के स्वाधीनता के अद्वितीय प्रतीक के रूप में स्थापित किया।