Every person in India has the right to self-defend against any external force that may cause harm or injury to them. It is using otherwise illegal means to protect oneself or another person, safeguard property or prevent any other crime. The provisions of Sections 96 to 106 of the Indian Penal Code 1860 govern every person in India's right to self-defence. Citizens of any free society should have the right to self-defence to protect themselves from any impending harm when governmental assistance

Fair dealing and fair use are legal concepts that provide exceptions to copyright laws, allowing certain limited uses of copyrighted material without the permission of the copyright owner. While they are similar in purpose, they differ in their scope and application. Fair dealing is a legal concept primarily used in Commonwealth countries, such as India, Canada, Australia, and the UK. It allows for the use of copyrighted material for specific purposes such as research, private study, criticism,

The aim of the Criminal Justice System is to punish the guilty and protect the innocent. Although the broad contours of the Criminal justice system are seldom codified, these can be inferred from different statutes, including the Constitution and judicial pronouncements. In a democratic civilized society, the Criminal Justice System is expected to provide the maximum sense of security to the people at large by dealing with crimes and criminals effectively, quickly and legally. More specifically,

Both the fundamental rights and the directive principles of state policy are a part of the basic structure of the Indian Constitution. The origin of these two has to be traced in the freedom struggle and the basic principles and the demands in the course of the freedom struggle. Both in Nehru Report and the Sapru Report , the socio economic as well as political charter for the Indian society was framed. The demand was both for political rights and socio-economic rights. The declaration in the f

In this paper the banking sector changes in India with a focus on the reduction of NPAs were investigated, adjustments of the level of capital, and regulatory fines to banks. The study narrows down on changes from 1991 to 2023 and then examines them both from a legal and financial aspect and investigates how changes have influenced the financial stability using both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results indicate that after reforms, capital adequacy improved, risk management framework became stronger and NPAs went down. However, regulatory fines and compliance breaches increased, indicating that although banking operations have been boosted by advances, a governorship and legal problem have not been solved. The report mentions that to successfully face the legal issue, AI-driven compliance tools, stronger enforcement measures, and more regulatory monitoring are needed. Moreover, this study contributes to the growing literature of financial sector laws by providing policy suggestions to reorient the legal risk governance through remedial use of legal means to bring the banking system across India into compliance with international norms. Future studies must investigate the cross-border legal risk-reducing techniques in accordance with the worldwide regulatory comparisons to construct a stronger financial ecosystem.

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of organized crime, its evolution, and operations. Organized crime has been a serious threat to societies around the world, and its complex nature makes it challenging to understand and combat. This paper begins with a historical overview of organized crime and its evolution over time, tracing its roots back to ancient societies and its development in modern times. The paper then discusses the various forms of organized crime, including traditional gr

The contemporary digital era has greatly expanded the scope for individual participation in the gradual growth and ultimate realization of true democratic values and culture. Therefore, it may be inferred that digital technologies, to a larger extent, alter the social conditions of speech. On the other hand, the new methods of social media controls are the product of the same technologies which may thereby limit the exercise of the right to speech. The recent judicial precedents, for example

This research paper explores the intersection of legal frameworks and the lived experiences of survivors residing in shelter homes in Haryana, India. It critically examines the implementation of key legal provisions such as the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, and state-specific initiatives like One Stop Centres and Swadhar Greh. Through qualitative interviews with survivors and analysis of policy documents, the study highlights systemic gaps between legislative intent and on-ground realities. Findings reveal challenges including limited shelter capacity, inadequate psychosocial support, and bureaucratic hurdles in accessing justice. The paper advocates for survivor-centric reforms, enhanced inter-agency coordination, and increased resource allocation to ensure that shelter homes serve as effective instruments of rehabilitation and empowerment.

The term Metaverse was first coined by Neal Stephenson in his 1992 science fiction novel, Snow Crash, to describe a virtual reality space that was beyond the capabilities of the internet at the time. However, with the rapid advancement of technology and the emergence of virtual and augmented reality platforms, the concept of the Metaverse has become increasingly plausible. The Metaverse is essentially a fully immersive virtual reality environment, where users can interact with each other and wit

Man is curious in nature. In recent decades, a particular and dangerous form of curiosity has aroused which has been given the name of Voyeurism. In broad perspective, the term Voyeurism implies the act of gaining sexual pleasure from watching other people, while they are engaged in sexual activity or are naked. This article aims to dwell on the various facets of Voyeurism. Starting from providing insights on the various meanings of the term, both in general and medical terms in its introductiv

This research paper explores the crucial role of media in promoting women's human rights. Using a qualitative approach, the study examines the various ways in which media outlets have contributed to advancing the agenda of women's rights, including the use of social media platforms and traditional forms of media. The paper also examines the challenges that media face in promoting women's rights, including biases and stereotypes that can perpetuate discrimination against women. Through an analysi

Section 58 of Transfer of Property Act, 1882 defines mortgage and provides for six forms of mortgage. Usufructuary mortgage (UM) is defined in Section 8(d) of the Act. Two essentials of UM incorporated in the definition are that 1. the mortgagor must deliver possession or expressly or by implication bind himself to deliver possession and authorise the mortgagee to retain such possession until payment of the mortgage money and 2. authorise mortgagee to receive the rents and profits or any part

For instance, the manufacture of some commodities may benefit from the storing of enormous quantities of industrial gas in tanks; nevertheless, if that gas were to be allowed to escape into the atmosphere, it may put the lives of the people and animals that live in the region in danger. Even if this is not the case, the manufacturing process itself may cause damage to the atmosphere due to the emissions of smoke, dust, and other potentially hazardous compounds that come from factories as a resul

The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (NI Act) is a vital piece of legislation that regulates the use of instruments like cheques, promissory notes, and bills of exchange in India. It plays a key role in ensuring that financial transactions run smoothly and offers legal remedies in cases of default. This paper delves into the origins, structure, and implications of the NI Act, with a particular focus on Section 138, which addresses cheque dishonour. We’ll explore relevant legal provisions, amendments, and judicial decisions to grasp how the Act is practically implemented and its significance in today’s trade landscape. By examining case laws, statutory developments, and comparative legal systems, this paper highlights the effectiveness of the NI Act in maintaining financial integrity.

The concept of justice is a fundamental and universal value that guides human actions and interactions. It is also a complex and contested topic that has been explored by various disciplines and perspectives. Justice can be understood as the proper balance between rights and duties, fairness and equality, rewards and punishments, and the role of the state and society. Different theories and traditions of justice have different criteria and methods for determining what is just and unjust, and how

In the world, the rate of bad behavior is on the rise. What an increase in murders, kidnappings, assaults, fear based predatory attacks and youth abuse. According to the real people review 2021, the overall bad behavior rate in India is 44.43. In such a situation, the standard and penalty for turning in and failing to act horrendous approach should be implemented immediately. Punishment, which is one of the outstanding backbones of contemporary civilization, is used to take steps to be conscious

Because technology is so integral to modern life, it is also increasingly used by criminals. Criminals are adept at using cutting-edge technologies, so forensics teams must keep up. Many people have been and will be victims of cyber Attack, so it's crucial that investigators are familiar with the latest techniques used in cyber investigations. Investigating computer crimes can be broken down into two broad categories: digital forensics and open-source intelligence. More than just the investigato

Environmental degradation has become a serious issue in modern-day governance and public policy worldwide. In India, urbanization, population growth, and rapid industrialization have added to environmental issues. In spite of a strong legal framework, gaps in enforcement remain substantial, with the need for the proactive intervention of the judiciary. This research paper examines the evolution in the role of the Indian judiciary as a powerful player in environmental governance. Through constitutional mandates, statutory interpretation, landmark judgments, and establishment of legal doctrines, the judiciary has played a crucial role in environmental protection. The paper further examines the rise and role of Public Interest Litigation (PIL), establishment of the National Green Tribunal, and the role of judicial activism in environmental jurisprudence.

This research paper explores innovative approaches to tackle sexual harassment in the workplace and improve women's career and well-being outcomes beyond the #MeToo movement. The paper begins by examining the current state of sexual harassment in the workplace and its negative impact on women's career progression and well-being. Overall, this research paper contributes to the ongoing discussion on addressing sexual harassment in the workplace and provides practical solutions for organizations to

The increasing incidence of cybercrimes has highlighted the urgent need for law enforcement agencies to acquire the skills and expertise required to investigate such crimes. This paper aims to explore the need for imparting training to officials for investigating cybercrimes. It examines the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies in investigating cybercrimes and argues that training is essential for improving the capabilities of officials in this area. The paper concludes by providing reco

The right to a clean and healthy environment has emerged as a fundamental human right, increasingly recognized by international bodies, national constitutions, and judicial pronouncements. This research paper explores the conceptual, legal, and judicial foundations of this right, focusing on international human rights law and Indian constitutional jurisprudence. It analyzes how courts, especially the Indian judiciary, have interpreted the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution to include environmental protection. Through an examination of environmental principles, landmark judgments, and legislative measures, the paper assesses the progress made and the challenges that persist in the enforcement and realization of environmental rights. Comparative perspectives, global developments, and future reforms are also discussed to provide a holistic understanding of the issue. The study delves into international human rights instruments such as the Stockholm Declaration (1972), Rio Declaration (1992), and recent developments at COP summits, while also critically analyzing the judicial interpretation of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Indian courts, particularly the Supreme Court, have played a transformative role by reading the right to a healthy environment into the ambit of the right to life, thereby expanding constitutional jurisprudence. The paper further examines the interplay between environmental law, sustainable development, and environmental justice, highlighting landmark judgments like Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar, M.C. Mehta cases, and Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India. Through this, it evaluates how environmental concerns have been embedded into the broader legal framework for the protection of human dignity.

In criminal trials as well as in the trial of civil cases, testimony of witnesses plays an important role. The whole case revolves around the testimony made by them before the court. They are the backbone of any case, whether it is civil or criminal. The witness built up the case of the contesting parties by giving their testimony before the court. Witness testimony before the court enables the court to reach out or to decide the case on merit.They enable the court to appraise the evidence with

Puffery as a word generally means any publicity which is highly exaggerated to put forward any claims that are generally deceptive. Companies make use of advertisements to promote their products in the market. For ensuring truthfulness and honesty in the claims made by the companies regarding their products, guidelines have been issued by the Advertising Standards Council of India. As no pre-approval of the advertisements is required prior to its publication, both through on-line and off-line pl

The world consists not only of a lot of good things but also a lot of evil. This topic is relevant because every day most people are faced with manifestations of violence in the modern world. In general, violence is the use of force or a threat to human or animal life. Its result can be injury, developmental disorders, deep psychological trauma, and even death. Violence is one of the most elusive and difficult concepts not only in the social sciences but also in law. In comparison to ancient ti

India has reformed its colonial-era criminal laws by introducing new criminal laws i.e., Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023, the Bharatiya Nagrik Surksha Sanhita 2023 and the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill-2023. The new laws aim to deliver justice rather than punishment, uphold the Indian ethos and values, and tackle the modern challenges and threats to the nation’s peace and security. The new laws also create new offences and penalties for crimes such as terrorism, corruption, mob lynching, and organized cri

The value of any freedom is determined by the extent to which the citizens are able to enjoy such freedom. Ours is a constitutional democracy and it is axiomatic that citizens have the right to know about the affairs of the Government which, having been elected by them, seeks to formulate some policies of governance aimed at their welfare. However, like any other freedom, this freedom also has limitations. It is a settled proposition that the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression enshrined under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India encompasses the right to impart and receive information. The Right to Information has been stated to be one of the important facets of proper governance. With the passage of time, this concept has not only developed in the field of law, but also has attained new dimensions in its application. The Indian courts have highlighted the need for the society and its entitlement to know and have observed that public interest is better served by effectiv

The various challenges faced by working women in Haryana, India, and the critical effect they have on career ways. This study analyses the complicated convergence of workplace factors, family obligations, and social principles — all of which much of the time act as critical boundaries for women entering the labor force — through abstract assessment. Through a blend of information from gatherings and synopses, it explains the essential road obstructions blocking women's expert headway, for exampl

Online child pornography has become an increasingly pressing social issue. With the proliferation of personal computers (PCs) and Internet access over the past decade, child pornographers have had an easier time disseminating graphic images of child sexual assault. However, law enforcement officials and attorneys all over the world have discovered that tracking down and prosecuting child pornographers who operate online is a time-consuming and difficult task, with disappointing results at best.

Legal-Judicial system will be made more responsible and gender sensitive to women’s needs, especially in cases of domestic violence and personal assault. The Constitution grants the fundamental right to equality to women article 39(d) asks the government to ensure that there is equal pay for equal work for both men & women. Article 15 says that the state shall not be discriminate against any citizen on ground only for sex. Article 14 says that the state shall not deny to any person equality before law. Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in employment under the Government. The state to make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief (Article 42) Municipality to be reserved for women and such seats to be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in a municipality (article 243 T(3)). The state to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker section of the people and protect them from social injusti

Access to environmental justice is the first step towards attaining environmental justice goals by defining legal standing for all impacted and interested parties in the language of equality; This paper documents genesis of green justice in India and the resilient journey of the National Green Tribunal of India (NGT). After Australia and New Zealand, only India has established an environmental tribunal, known as the "National Green Tribunal" (NGT), which was established under the National Green

The capital punishment can be characterized as 'the reparative action to execute the apparently awful methods of acting', in which the following life is carried out by the state. It is the most insane type of punishment given to any broad masses to protect law and order and relies on the idea that punishing offenders will actually deter others from committing similar violations. It yields to violations that are negative for humanity. The capital punishment is the most interesting recuperation pr

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the performance of economic indicators has been regarded as the primary criterion for determining whether or not progress has been made. This perspective continues to hold true today. This viewpoint has remained prevalent even after the advent of the industrial revolution. As a direct consequence of this, India won its independence, and immediately afterward, the nation's leaders prioritized the rapid industrialization of the country as a means t

Despite the fact that the vast majority of males would never engage in sexual harassment, the vast majority of harassers are men. For a long time, this was seen as acceptable behaviour, given that it was just a part of their character. Boys will be boys, as the saying goes. This research provides evidence that toxic masculinity contributes to and supports sexual harassment in the workplace. It cites studies showing that men act this way because they find frightening non-normative manifestations

The digital age demands the protection of intellectual property rights and the enforcement of cyber laws to ensure the integrity and security of online content. Digital Rights Management (DRM) and cyber law play crucial roles in preventing unauthorized use, duplication, transmission, and alteration of copyrighted materials. DRM uses techniques like restrictive agreements, encryption, and content scrambling to safeguard digital content, ensuring only authorized users can access and utilize it. De

Women are the backbone of any civilized society and without women partnership in a civilized society is not complete. In the old days, women were given the same rights as men.However, with the passage of times, some miscreants of society have snatched the rights of them.After the independence of India, attempts were made to remove the inequality and injustice in the society especially for women and fundamental rights inserted in the Constitution of India. Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act do

This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the protection measures in place for women in the workplace. It examines the current state of workplace protections for women and explores various strategies and policies that can enhance their safety, security, and well-being. By analyzing existing literature, legal frameworks, this paper presents an overview of the challenges faced by women in the workplace, along with recommendations to improve their protection. The findings of thi

While there is much for MSMEs to benefit from in Industry 4.0, there are many legal complications when it comes to cybersecurity vulnerabilities, IP theft, and contractual compliance. This research takes a quantitative and qualitative approach to the legal risk Indian MSMEs face when adopting Industry 4.0. The analysis suggests that as digital technology grows, so do legal risks and cybersecurity breaches, which increased by 100 percent between 2021 and 2023. A correlation study (r = 0.897, p < 0.05) shows that increased exposure to legal risk substantially correlated with more Industry 4.0 adoption rates. Additionally, regression models confirm that technological use (β = 0.724, p = 0.002) is the best indicator of legal risk. The report also makes recommendations for governmental interventions to ease legal risk for MSMEs, like financial assistance programs, cybersecurity improvements, regulatory simplification, and AI in legal analytics. The findings add to MSME research on legal risk governance and contribute to the practical suggestions for the long-term adoption of Industry 4.0.

Legal provisions regarding order for maintenance of wives and children under section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The word ‘Maintenance’ is not defined in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. Chapter IX of the Code of Criminal Procedure deals with provisions for maintenance of wives, children and parents. ‘Maintenance’ in general meaning is keeping something in good condition. ‘Maintenance’ in legal meaning is money (alimony) that someone must pay regularly to a former wife, hus

Child protection prevents and responds to all forms of child violence, exploitation, and abuse. This includes reaching out to children most at risk, such as those without family care, on the streets, or in conflict or natural disaster circumstances. The COVID-19 epidemic has worsened children's inequalities. Over the past year, disruptions in school, health-nutrition, and protection services have made rural and marginalised children more vulnerable. Child protection services must be improved to

The intersection of digital privacy and constitutional rights within the realm of administrative law is a complex and pressing issue in today's increasingly interconnected world. This abstract provides a concise overview of the intricate dynamics at play. Digital privacy, a fundamental concern in the digital age, often clashes with government actions and regulations, raising questions about the scope and limits of constitutional protections. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution

Life insurance serves as a critical financial safety net for individuals and their families, providing financial support in times of crisis. However, the handling of life insurance claims is fraught with ethical and legal challenges that can undermine the trust policyholders place in insurers. This paper explores the ethical and legal issues surrounding life insurance claims handling, examining the responsibilities of insurers, the rights of policyholders, and the regulatory framework designed t

The issue of delinquent juveniles in society has been a topic of concern for a long time. Delinquency refers to behavior that is considered deviant, illegal, or socially unacceptable for young individuals who are below the age of 18. It is a problem that affects not only the juveniles but also their families, communities, and society as a whole. This research report aims to explore the needs and importance of delinquent juveniles in society. The report will examine the causes of delinquency, the

Human beings are rational beings. By virtue of being humans they possess certain basic and inalienable rights which are commonly known as human rights. They are inherent in all the individuals irrespective of their caste, creed, religion, sex and nationality. These rights are essential for all the individuals as they are consonant with their freedom and dignity and are conducive to physical, moral, social and spiritual welfare. More or less people are aware about their rights but the question is

In the digital age, the proliferation of e-content across platforms such as online education, digital media, and cloud services has revolutionized how information is created, shared, and consumed. However, this transformation poses significant challenges in the management and protection of content, especially in the context of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). This paper explores the complexities and evolving issues surrounding e-content management with a particular focus on IPR frameworks. The study highlights legal ambiguities, enforcement difficulties, and ethical dilemmas faced by creators, educators, institutions, and policymakers. Through a review of current laws, case studies, and technological developments, the paper provides insight into bridging the gap between accessibility and content protection in a digital environment.

The criminal justice system of any state is the set of agencies and processes established by governments for administration of criminal justice aimed at controlling crime and imposing punishment on persons who violate the law. The Union of India is a Federal State currently consisting of the Central government and the State governments in the twenty nine states. The states have their own powers and functioning under the Constitution of India. The Police and Prison are the state subjects. However

Legal risk management in banking governance is a relatively understudied issue related to scheduled commercial banks in India. This research examines two aspects regarding legal risk events, financial provisions, contingent liabilities, and compliance audits, especially in the frame of banking operating in the years 2018–2022. Using regression models, descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis in this research proves that legal risks have a positive association with financial provisioning; hence, these are riskier such that capital reserves will in fact be more. It also became clear that a need for appropriate regulatory control is in great demand in reducing legal risks, and it is found that compliance checks do a great amount. MUCHIT identifies many things in the report, such as shifting litigation patterns, compliance problems caused by urbanization, spotty regulations, etc. It does this to damp down on legal uncertainty by offering governance frameworks based on Basel III aligned, compliance processes powered by AI, and risk assessment based on data. But then there should be future studies on cross-border legal risk management methods to assimilate a common legal risk framework for Indian scheduled commercial banks. Finally, this study highlights the significance of proactive legal risk reduction techniques to ensure banking facilities and banks’ financial stability and their regulatory compliance, and in this way, to help banking professionals, banks, and banks’ regulators to have some insights.

The aim of this overview is to investigate the topic that has received little attention up to now: how Indian working women manage to juggle their personal and professional lives these days. Numerous factors, including family size, age of children, work hours, level of social support, and so on, have been found in studies to influence how to balance personal and professional lives. In modern India, women's roles in the general population have drastically changed. Women should be represented in h

Many informal workers in India's coal states and districts depend on coal for revenue. These labourers mine, transport, and wash coal. Additionally, many people make a job collecting and selling coal. The informal coal economy is these employees. As India responds to the climate problem and capitalises on a cost-competitive renewable energy market and reliable supplies, a just fossil fuel sector transition is needed. India's coal demand must be halved by 2040 and 85% by 2050 to avoid catastrophi

The Indian Penal Code's Section 497 defines the meaning of adultery. Which states that -anyone who engages in sexual activity without the agreement or complicity of another man with a person who is, or whom he knows or has cause to believe to be, the wife of another man. Such sexual activity constitutes adultery rather than rape and is punishable by either type of imprisonment for a time that may reaches up to five years, a fine, or both. It was considered that in this situation, the wife was no

Feminism has developed in a series of waves, which have dealt with various dimensions of gender inequality and the rights of women in different historical and social settings. The earliest wave of feminism, which arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, dealt mainly with the rights of women under law, such as voting rights for women, ownership of property, and education. The second wave, extending from the 1960s through the 1980s, extended the agenda to workplace discrimination, reproductive freedom, and personal liberty issues, challenging public and private system patriarchy. The third wave, beginning in the 1990s and continuing through to today, glorifies diversity, intersectionality, and gender fluidity, moving beyond the earlier homogenizing of feminist movements but embracing electronic activism and transnational frames. This essay explains the ideological roots, achievements, and limitations of each wave and critically examines their implications for contemporary feminist theory. In contrastive analysis of these three waves, this research focuses on the ongoing evolution of feminism and how it continues to be relevant in conceptualizing contemporary gender issues.

With the increasing prevalence of cyberspace and digital technologies, intellectual property rights (IPRs) violations have become a pervasive issue in India. The inadequacy of the existing legal remedies to address these violations has led to a surge in infringements and an adverse impact on innovation, creativity, and investment. This research paper critically reviews the available literature on the topic to understand the root causes of India's insufficient remedies for cyber IP violations. Th

The power of clemency granted under Articles 72 and 161 of the Indian Constitution serves as a vital check on judicial fallibility and as an embodiment of the state’s commitment to justice tempered with mercy. These constitutional provisions empower the President and Governors to grant pardon, reprieve, respite, or remission in capital punishment cases. However, the exercise of these powers has often raised questions of executive arbitrariness, political influence, and lack of transparency. This paper critically analyzes the scope, limitations, and judicial scrutiny of clemency powers in India, especially in the context of death penalty cases. It also explores the evolving jurisprudence surrounding delay, procedural lapses, and the balance between executive mercy and judicial oversight.

Hinduism is one of the oldest religions in the world, and it has a rich tradition of worshipping nature as a manifestation of the divine. Hindu scriptures, such as the Vedas and the Upanishads, describe the underlying oneness of all existence, and the sacred presence of Brahman, the supreme reality, in every aspect of creation. Hinduism also recognizes various deities, avatars, and ancestors, who are associated with different trees, plants, animals, and birds. These are revered and worshipped by

Despite the enactment of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA), 2005, domestic violence remains deeply entrenched in Indian society. The judiciary plays a critical role in interpreting, enforcing, and sometimes, redefining the scope of this law. This paper critically examines the dual nature of the Indian judiciary—as both a protector and a perpetuator of patriarchal norms. Using doctrinal analysis and selected case reviews from various High Courts and the Supreme Court, the study uncovers inconsistencies in judicial attitudes, ambiguous enforcement patterns, and gendered assumptions that affect the delivery of justice. The paper concludes by arguing for a gender-sensitive judicial reform approach that bridges the gap between legal intent and judicial outcomes.

The institution of marriage has undergone significant changes throughout history, influenced by various religious, legal, social, and cultural factors. This paper examines the evolution of the dissolution of marriage, or divorce, from a sacred to a secular phenomenon, focusing on the Indian context. It traces the historical development of divorce laws and practices among different religious communities in India, such as Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Parsis, and analyzes the impact of colonial

Sexual harassment constitutes a gross violation of women”s right to equality and dignity. It has its roots in patriarchy and its attendant perception that men are superior to women and that some forms of violence against women are acceptable. One of these is workplace sexual harassment, which views various forms of such harassment, as harmless and trivial. Often, it is excused as “natural” male behaviour or “harmless flirtation” which women enjoy. Contrary to these perceptions, it causes serious

Every religion respect and protects the notion of marriage. In Hinduism, marriage is regarded as a sacrament and a sacred duty that binds the couple for life. It is based on the concept of dharma, or moral duty, and is influenced by the caste, social, and family traditions of the spouses. In Christianity, Marriage is not only a natural and social institution but also a sacred and sacramental one. It was instituted by God and elevated by Christ to be a sign of His love for the Church. Marriage is

This research examines how Big Data Analytics (BDA) might be used to improve risk management tactics in the banking industry, with a particular emphasis on a case study of a small credit institution. The study emphasizes the noteworthy advancements achieved by the bank in creating an intricate data architecture that facilitates complex predictive and prescriptive analytics, enhancing risk evaluation and decision-making procedures. Although the organization hasn't fully embraced BDA technologies,

This research paper aims to investigate the relationship between family dysfunction and juvenile delinquency in India. Juvenile delinquency has become a significant social problem in India, and it has been observed that family dysfunction is one of the leading causes of this problem. The study aims to explore the various forms of family dysfunction prevalent in India, including parental neglect, domestic violence, substance abuse, and poverty, and their impact on the development of delinquent be

The rapid progression of cyber dangers demands a comprehensive comprehension of the most recent advancements in cybercrime, cybersecurity techniques, legal obstacles, and investigation methodologies. This essay examines the many characteristics of cyber criminals and the advanced methods they use to take advantage of online weaknesses. It looks at the obstacles to enacting a single national cyber law and the shortcomings of the current legal framework in terms of successfully discouraging cyberc

E-shopping is the buzzword in modern business. E-shopping means electronic shopping. E-shopping involves buying and selling goods and services, or transmitting money or data, over an electronic network, primarily the Internet. E-shopping is a paradigm shift affecting both marketers and customers. Rather, e-shopping is another way of promoting existing business practices. This is causing a complete change in the traditional way of doing business. This significant change in business model is witne

Gender justice is a concept that aims to ensure equal rights and opportunities for people of all genders, especially women, who have historically faced discrimination and oppression in various spheres of life. Gender justice encompasses legal, social, economic, and political aspects of gender equality, as well as the recognition and respect of diverse gender identities and expressions. The social stigma and discrimination that women face from their families, communities, and institutions, especi

With the growing reliance on digital technologies, cybercrime has become an increasingly significant threat to individuals, organizations, and governments worldwide. Developing countries, in particular, are vulnerable to cybercrime due to a lack of resources, technical expertise, and legal frameworks. This research paper explores strategies and initiatives that can be implemented to control cybercrime in developing countries in the digital era. The study draws on existing literature and case stu

This study explores the significance of constitutionalism and fundamental duties in advancing social welfare in India. By examining the relationship between the rights and duties outlined in the Indian Constitution, the research highlights the development of fundamental duties and their role in promoting civic responsibility and social harmony. Through a multidisciplinary approach and legal analysis, the study demonstrates how adherence to fundamental duties strengthens democratic governance, reduces social disparities, and fosters collective welfare. However, challenges such as limited public awareness, weak implementation, and societal apathy hinder their impact. The study emphasizes the need for enhanced civic education, stronger policy measures, and judicial support to unlock the full potential of fundamental duties in building a more equitable and inclusive society.

The right to be forgotten is a concept that has emerged in recent years in response to the challenges posed by the digital age. It is the right of an individual to have their personal information removed from the internet and other digital platforms. This right is based on the premise that individuals have a right to privacy and that this right extends to their personal information. This article provides an overview of the right to be forgotten, including its history, legal framework, and practi

The imposition of the death penalty in modern democracies is often shaped not only by legal principles but also by societal perceptions and media narratives. In India, the public demand for harsh punishment in high-profile cases, amplified by the media, often exerts subtle pressure on judicial outcomes. This paper explores the sociological and legal dimensions of how public opinion and media coverage influence death penalty verdicts. Drawing from key judgments, media trials, and empirical studies, the paper examines the risk of justice being swayed by popular sentiment rather than constitutional values and judicial objectivity.

Our time is time of information and technology. This is a century of digitalization. In 2023 we had worldwide uses of internet at around 5.2 billion, approximately 2-3rds of global population. This huge use has also raised new crimes and privacy concerns. Protecting privacy and people from crime is difficult task already and doing it online has become almost impossible. Not only cyber-crime but protecting data from online sources and preventing breach of private data has become nuisance for all governmental and national and international organization worldwide. Protecting data privacy is basic human right and part of our fundamental rights. Governments worldwide are trying to frame rules and regulations to protect online data and data privacy of an individual. European Union’s general data protection rules, 2018. Indian parliament also recently in August,2023 passed DPDP Act, 2023 finally, which become our country’s first DP Act for processing and protection of personal data in India. Through this paper we will legally study the features of the Act, what it provides and what can be expected from it. Will it be fruitful in doing its job or fail in implementation like many of our existing ones. How in the long run it will come out to be, will be decided later, right now we can only speculate and keep our hopes on this much awaited legislation to protect our online data privacy. We will get to know, who the stake holders are and whom the individuals are protected from and to what extent. This is latest addition to digital laws and needs a study from an individual’s point of view.

This Paper examines the evolution, implementation, and impact of maintenance laws for women in India, focusing on the legal frameworks that govern maintenance rights and the emerging societal challenges that influence their effectiveness. It explores landmark cases, statutory provisions, and the socio-economic factors that affect women’s access to maintenance. The study also delves into how changing gender roles, economic dependency, and judicial trends have shaped the legal landscape of maintenance. Finally, the thesis evaluates the gaps in existing laws and proposes reforms to strengthen the protection of women’s financial rights in marital relationships and post-divorce contexts.

Caste, a complex social hierarchy rooted in ancient India, continues to exert significant influence in contemporary society. While its legal and formal aspects have been dismantled, the legacy of caste discrimination and violence persists, manifesting in various forms. Defined by birth, the caste system traditionally categorized individuals into rigid social classes with varying degrees of privilege and rights. Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) faced the brunt of discrimination,

The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, is a landmark legislation in India, aimed at safeguarding children from sexual abuse and exploitation. Despite its robust provisions, children from underprivileged backgrounds often face insurmountable barriers to justice. This paper explores the systemic, socio-economic, and cultural obstacles that hinder the effective implementation of the POCSO Act, particularly in cases involving marginalized children. By analyzing case studi

Intellectual Property Rights are negative rights and thus give right holders the power to exclude others from using the product without the consent. In this light, holder of IP can enforce his rights in a better manner if protection of IP is stronger; i.e. holder can reach larger market. Market expansion depends upon transfer of technology to a large extent. There are views on both sides that extensive IP protection may promote or hinder transfer of technology as Carlos Correa contended that ext

Media and Advertisement Law in India is a complex landscape encompassing various statutes, regulations, and self-regulatory codes. The legal landscape surrounding media and advertising in India is quite complex, with various statutes and regulatory bodies governing different aspects. Press Council of India Act, 1978 establishes the Press Council of India (PCI) as a self-regulatory body for print media, promoting ethical journalism and adjudicating complaints against newspapers and magazines. Ca

The Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses (POCSO) Act, 2012, was enacted in India to provide a comprehensive framework for the legal protection of children against sexual abuse. Despite its progressive nature, the application of the POCSO Act reveals disparities based on gender and class, particularly in the prosecution of cases involving underprivileged children. This research paper examines these disparities and the socio-economic factors that influence the legal outcomes of sexual haras

The decision-making process of victims of crimes against women is a complex and multi-faceted issue that is influenced by a range of factors. This analysis explores the various factors that influence victim decision-making, including social and cultural norms, fear of retaliation, access to resources, and the legal system. One of the primary factors that influence victim decision-making is the social and cultural norms that surround gender roles and expectations. Women may feel pressure to avoid

This Paper examines the relationship between women, crime, and the law in India through a feminist lens. It critiques the ways in which India’s criminal justice system perpetuates gendered injustices by analyzing how women’s experiences of crime and justice are shaped by patriarchal structures, social norms, and systemic biases within legal institutions. By integrating feminist legal theory with an analysis of gender-based violence, the legal frameworks designed to protect women, and case studies of high-profile incidents of injustice, this thesis argues for a more equitable and gender-sensitive approach to justice for women in India.

The welfare and protection of children and youth are fundamental priorities for any society aiming to secure a prosperous and sustainable future. Laws governing children and youth play a crucial role in safeguarding their rights, ensuring their well-being, and fostering their holistic development. This research paper explores the significance of laws pertaining to children and youth, examining their role in protecting the country's future. It discusses the essential principles and frameworks und

Although the insurance industry has traditionally been slow to adopt new technologies, the recent wave of digitization has significantly disrupted and transformed business practices. This empirical study aims to explore how technology is reshaping the insurance sector and evaluate whether the adoption of new technologies can enhance business efficiency. Additionally, it examines how technological interventions, such as wearables, have contributed to reducing fraud and erroneous claims. The resea

The structure of Criminal Justice system consists of the four main pillars namely, investigation by Police, Prosecution of case by the Prosecutors, determination of guilt by the Courts and finally the correction through prisons system. Article 246 of the Constitution of India places the police, public order, courts, prisons, reformatories, borstal and other allied institutions in the State List.

Capital punishment or death penalty have always been a topic of contradiction not only in India but also in several developed countries. In India, the motive for providing punishment is based on two aspects; the first being that the offender should suffer for the pain and injury he/she casted upon the victim and another motive is to discourage others from committing wrongs by sanctioning punishments. This paper focuses on Capital Punishment in India which is also known as the death penalty which

Right to equality is a basic human right that is recognized and protected by numerous international and national legal frameworks. It guarantees that every person is entitled to the same rights and protections under the law, without any discrimination based on factors such as their race, gender, religion, ethnicity, caste, or other characteristics. The principle of equality is a cornerstone of social justice, democracy, and the promotion and protection of human rights. It underpins the recogniti

Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are a set of legal rights that protect creations of the human mind. Trademark is one of the most widely used forms of IPR that is used to protect brand names, logos, slogans, and other distinctive signs that are used to identify goods and services. In this research paper, we will explore the concept of Trademark as a form of IPR, its importance, and the process of acquiring and protecting trademarks. We will also examine the legal framework governing trademark

The issue of reproductive rights as a human right for women is a complex and multi-faceted challenge facing many societies around the world. This abstract explores the challenges involved in ensuring that women have the right to control their own bodies, make informed decisions about their reproductive health, and have access to the necessary resources and support. The abstract highlights the historical and cultural factors that contribute to the marginalization of women in this area, and the on

“Victimology” is a scientific study of sufferance of victims due to crime. It is now a growing branch. Students of Victimology study as to how justice should be provided to the victim of crime. It formulates the methods to determine compensation for the crime victim. It also provides remedies to the victim if compensation is not paid. For the purpose of rehabilitation, reparation of the victim or his legal heirs as the case may be, the Courts have felt it necessary to pay compensation. Merely b

The role of education, particularly schooling is, in preparing individuals for life's challenges, emphasizing physical, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual development. It highlights the importance of school education in guiding individuals towards purposeful lives and views schooling as an initiation into various aspects of life. Dr. Zakir Hussain, a prominent Indian educationist and the third President of India, is praised for his contributions to educational upliftment and his belief in

This article examines harassment in the workplace through the prism of gender stereotypes, focusing on the ways in which women, especially those who come from disadvantaged groups, are subjected to a disproportionate amount of abuse in professional contexts. It analyzes the psychological and professional effects of many types of harassment, including sexual harassment, verbal harassment, structural harassment, and digital harassment. There are many women who do not speak out because of fear, stigma, and inefficient redressal procedures, despite the fact that there are legal safeguards such as India's POSH Act. The purpose of this essay is to highlight the need of implementing cultural shifts, inclusive policies, gender sensitivity training, and strong organizational responsibility in order to establish workplaces that are safe, courteous, and empowering for all employees.

Women's right to maintenance refers to the legal obligation of a spouse, typically the husband, to financially support their wife after separation, divorce, or in cases where the wife is unable to maintain herself. Maintenance laws are grounded in the principle of social justice and the recognition that marriage creates financial interdependence between spouses. In the context of marital relationships, maintenance serves as a mechanism to ensure that women, particularly in patriarchal societies, are not left destitute after the dissolution of marriage or during periods of marital discord. These rights encompass not just the financial support during marriage but also after divorce or separation, recognizing the woman’s contribution to the family and her potential economic vulnerability. In India, these rights are governed by various legal provisions, including the Hindu Marriage Act, the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, and Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Maintenance is thus an essential aspect of family law, aiming to ensure financial fairness and gender equality.

Education is crucial to social welfare and equality in any society. Article 21A of the Indian Constitution guarantees free and compulsory education for children aged 6–14. The Right to Education (RTE) Act of 2009 supports this clause, which creates an inclusive educational framework to reduce inequality and empower marginalized groups. Judicial and policy changes have shaped the right to education. This right's importance for human growth and social justice was highlighted in landmark instances like Unnikrishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh. Despite these guarantees, major issues remain. In rural and poor areas, finance, infrastructure, teacher shortages, and socio-cultural impediments hamper implementation. Investment in education, effective monitoring, teacher training, and awareness initiatives to lower dropout rates are needed to close these inequalities. India can ensure that the right to education meets its constitutional promise and promotes equitable growth and social change by upgrading the system.

As a result of internal and worldwide political, social, and economic revolutions, the banking sector in India is seeing enormous changes. In the last twenty years, India's banking sector has experienced profound transformation. These days, banking is just too competitive and open. Everything has shifted from a modest corporate level of emphasis and direction to a maximum feasible limit. Business transactions used to go from the customer's doorstep to the banker's, but now it goes the other way around. In this context, it is crucial to research employee engagement and human resource management methods in order to develop good policies for the future. Thus, the study's primary objective is to address the following research questions: Is there a correlation between HRM practices and employee engagement in the banking industry in India? Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine the socioeconomic effects of human resource management strategies and employee engagement in the banking sector of India in the study region.

This thesis explores the intersection of gender, crime, and justice within the context of India, employing a feminist legal perspective to critically analyze the systemic inequalities that women face in the criminal justice system. Through a feminist lens, this study investigates how the law, legal institutions, and societal norms often perpetuate gendered injustice, especially in the context of crimes against women such as domestic violence, sexual harassment, trafficking, and dowry deaths. Despite the existence of legal frameworks aimed at protecting women’s rights, the implementation of these laws is frequently marred by patriarchal biases, cultural prejudices, and institutional neglect. The research delves into the socio-legal landscape of India, highlighting the ways in which gender-based violence is normalized and underreported, and how women’s experiences with crime and justice are shaped by intersecting factors such as caste, class, and religion. Drawing on feminist legal theory, the thesis critiques the prevailing legal practices and offers a comprehensive analysis of the gaps between law and justice, illustrating how traditional legal structures fail to adequately protect women. In addition, the study emphasizes the role of feminist movements and grassroots activism in advocating for legal reforms, addressing both the successes and challenges faced by these efforts. The paper concludes by proposing a feminist, intersectional approach to legal reform that prioritizes gender-sensitive policies, victim-centered practices, and a broader societal transformation towards justice for all women. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on women’s rights and justice, providing insights into how feminist legal theory can guide the creation of a more equitable and responsive legal system in India.

The Basel Accord 4 contributes to the enhancement of the risk management in commercial banks by introducing sustainability-linked financial frameworks, the latest and updated capital adequacy standards, and improved risk-weighing methods. This research spans from 2019 to 2023 and examines the extent to which Basel 4 was adopted by Indian banks, especially on developments of profitability, ROA, NPAs, and capital adequacy. The research confirms that the implementation of Basel 4 has huge effects on the profitability adjusted for risk. First, the finding of a substantial negative correlation of -0.97 between GNPA and ROE suggests that improved asset quality results in improved profitability. Hypothesis testing indicates that CAR has a beneficial effect on financial stability due to the fact that banks with larger capital buffers are better financially. In identifying issues such as regulatory complexity, compliance difficulties, and the differences in risk-weighting criteria, the paper also highlights the need for sophisticated risk-modeling tools and strategic regulatory coordination. Success of such implementation is also conditional on the use of AI-driven analytics, including ESG risk factors, and comparing international best practices for Basel 4. Together with the growing volume of paradigms related to sustainable banking, this study contributes to this mass of knowledge to offer empirics as to Basel 4's role in enhancing long-term risk management and financial resilience.